UNIX(4)

NAME
unix - UNIX-domain protocol family

SYNOPSIS
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/un.h>

DESCRIPTION
The UNIX-domain protocol family is a collection of protocols that provides local (on-machine) interprocess communication through the normal socket(2) mechanisms. The UNIX-domain family supports the SOCK_STREAM, SOCK_SEQPACKET, and SOCK_DGRAM socket types and uses file system pathnames for addressing.

ADDRESSING
UNIX-domain addresses are variable-length file system pathnames of at most 104 characters. The include file <sys/un.h> defines this address:

    struct sockaddr_un {
    	u_char	sun_len;
    	u_char	sun_family;
    	char	sun_path[104];
    };

Binding a name to a UNIX-domain socket with bind(2) causes a socket file to be created in the file system. This file is not removed when the socket is closed — unlink(2) must be used to remove the file.

The length of UNIX-domain address, required by bind(2) and connect(2), can be calculated by the macro SUN_LEN() defined in <sys/un.h>. The sun_path field must be terminated by a NUL character to be used with SUN_LEN(), but the terminating NUL is not part of the address.

The UNIX-domain protocol family does not support broadcast addressing or any form of “wildcard” matching on incoming messages. All addresses are absolute- or relative-pathnames of other UNIX-domain sockets. Normal file system access-control mechanisms are also applied when referencing pathnames; e.g., the destination of a connect(2) or sendto(2) must be writable.

PROTOCOLS
The UNIX-domain protocol family is comprised of simple transport protocols that support the SOCK_STREAM, SOCK_SEQPACKET, and SOCK_DGRAM abstractions. SOCK_STREAM and SOCK_SEQPACKET sockets also support the communication of UNIX file descriptors through the use of the msg_control field in the msg argument to sendmsg(2) and recvmsg(2).

Any valid descriptor may be sent in a message. The file descriptor(s) to be passed are described using a struct cmsghdr that is defined in the include file <sys/socket.h>. The type of the message is SCM_RIGHTS, and the data portion of the messages is an array of integers representing the file descriptors to be passed. The number of descriptors being passed is defined by the length field of the message; the length field is the sum of the size of the header plus the size of the array of file descriptors.

The received descriptor is a duplicate of the sender's descriptor, as if it were created with a call to dup(2). Per-process descriptor flags, set with fcntl(2), are not passed to a receiver. Descriptors that are awaiting delivery, or that are purposely not received, are automatically closed by the system when the destination socket is closed.

The effective credentials (i.e., the user ID and group list) of a peer on a SOCK_STREAM socket may be obtained using the LOCAL_PEERCRED socket option. This may be used by a server to obtain and verify the credentials of its client, and vice versa by the client to verify the credentials of the server. These will arrive in the form of a filled in struct xucred (defined in <sys/ucred.h>). The credentials presented to the server (the listen(2) caller) are those of the client when it called connect(2); the credentials presented to the client (the connect(2) caller) are those of the server when it called listen(2). This mechanism is reliable; there is no way for either party to influence the credentials presented to its peer except by calling the appropriate system call (e.g., connect(2) or listen(2)) under different effective credentials.

UNIX domain sockets support a number of socket options which can be set with setsockopt(2) and tested with getsockopt(2):

LOCAL_CREDS
    This option may be enabled on SOCK_DGRAM, SOCK_SEQPACKET, or a SOCK_STREAM socket. This option provides a mechanism for the receiver to receive the credentials of the process as a recvmsg(2) control message. The msg_control field in the msghdr structure points to a buffer that contains a cmsghdr structure followed by a variable length sockcred structure, defined in <sys/socket.h> as follows:

        struct sockcred {
          uid_t	sc_uid;		/* real user id */
          uid_t	sc_euid;	/* effective user id */
          gid_t	sc_gid;		/* real group id */
          gid_t	sc_egid;	/* effective group id */
          int	sc_ngroups;	/* number of supplemental groups */
          gid_t	sc_groups[1];	/* variable length */
        };

    The SOCKCREDSIZE() macro computes the size of the sockcred structure for a specified number of groups. The cmsghdr fields have the following values:

        cmsg_len = CMSG_LEN(SOCKCREDSIZE(ngroups))
        cmsg_level = SOL_SOCKET
        cmsg_type = SCM_CREDS

LOCAL_CONNWAIT
    Used with SOCK_STREAM sockets, this option causes the connect(2) function to block until accept(2) has been called on the listening socket.

SEE ALSO
socket(2), intro(4) An Introductory 4.3 BSD Interprocess Communication Tutorial, PS1, 7. An Advanced 4.3 BSD Interprocess Communication Tutorial, PS1, 8.