                       The Euro symbol on FreeBSD

  Aaron Kaplan

       <aaron@lo-res.org>
     

   Copyright (c) 2002, 2003 The FreeBSD Documentation Project

   $FreeBSD: doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/euro/article.sgml,v 1.13
   2012/01/11 01:21:32 eadler Exp $

   FreeBSD is a registered trademark of the FreeBSD Foundation.

   Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to
   distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those
   designations appear in this document, and the FreeBSD Project was
   aware of the trademark claim, the designations have been followed
   by the "(TM)" or the "(R)" symbol.

   This document will try to help you in getting started with the new
   Euro Symbol on your new keyboard that you had to buy in early 2002
   because of the switch to the new common currency. We will first
   focus on the more important parts like being able to correctly
   display the symbol on the console. Later sections will deal with
   configuring particular programs like X11.

   Lots of helpful input came from Oliver Fromme, Tom Rhodes and
   countless others. Thanks! Without you this article would not have
   been possible!

     --------------------------------------------------------------

1 The Euro in a nutshell

   If you already feel comfortable with localization as described in
   the FreeBSD Handbook you might be only interested in the following
   facts which will get you started quickly:

   ISO8859-15

           This is a slight modification of the commonly used
           ISO8859-1 character map. It includes the Euro symbol. Used
           for the LANG, LC_CTYPE environment variables.

   iso15-8x16.fnt

           The vidcontrol(1) font for the console

   /usr/share/syscons/keymaps/*.iso.kbd

           Appropriate keyboard maps depending on your language. Set
           your keymap entry in rc.conf to one of these.

   LC_CTYPE

           Used to specify the correct character type in your locale.

   XkbLayout "lang(euro)"

           Xorg config option.

   /etc/X11/xorg.conf

           Be sure to adapt your X11 fonts to -*-..-*-iso8859-15

     --------------------------------------------------------------

2 A general remark

   In the following sections we will often refer to ISO8859-15. This
   is the standard notation starting with FreeBSD 4.5. In older
   versions, the standard notation was either ISO_8859-15 or
   DIS_8859-15.

   If you are using an older version of FreeBSD, be sure to take a
   look at /usr/share/locale/ in order to find out which naming
   convention is in place.

     --------------------------------------------------------------

3 The console

  3.1 Setting up your console font

   Depending on your console resolution and size you will need one of
   the following lines in rc.conf:

 font8x16="iso15-8x16.fnt" # from /usr/share/syscons/fonts/*
 font8x14="iso15-8x14.fnt"
 font8x8="iso15-8x8.fnt"

   This will effectively select the ISO8859-15 also known as Latin-9
   font. ISO8859-15 is a variation of ISO8859-1. You can tell the
   difference between the two by looking at the Euro symbol: its
   decimal value is 164. In ISO8859-1 you will notice a circle with
   four little strokes at the corners. This is often termed the
   "universal currency symbol". In ISO8859-15, instead of the little
   circle, you have the Euro Symbol. Otherwise the fonts are more or
   less identical.

     Warning: As of the time of this writing the only usable font
     seems to be iso15-8x16.fnt. The others seem to only show
     ISO8859-1 even though the name suggest otherwise.

     Note: By specifying this font some console applications will
     look garbled. This is due to the fact that they assume you are
     using a different font/character set such as ANSI 850. One
     notable example is sysinstall. However most of the time this
     should not be of much concern.

   As the next step you should either reboot your system to let the
   changes take effect or (manually) take the steps that would have
   been taken at the system startup:

 % vidcontrol -f iso15-8x16.fnt

   To check if the font has been selected execute the following short
   awk script:

 #!/usr/bin/awk -f
 BEGIN {
         for(i=160;i<180;i++)
                 printf"%3d %c\n",i,i
 }

   The result should reveal the Euro sign at position 164.

     --------------------------------------------------------------

  3.2 Setting up your keyboard for the Euro

   Most keyboard maps should already be set up correctly. I.e: If you
   have a german keyboard and your Umlaut keys are working, you can
   safely skip this section since the keyboard already maps whatever
   key combination is necessary (e.g.: Alt Gr+e) to decimal value
   164. If running into problems, the best way to check is to take a
   look at /usr/share/syscons/keymaps/*.kbd. The format of the key
   mapping files is described in keyboard(4). kbdcontrol(1) can be
   used to load a custom keymap.

   Once the correct keyboard map is selected, it should be added to
   /etc/rc.conf with the line:

 keymap="german.iso" # or another map

   As stated above, this step has most probably already been taken by
   you at installation time (with sysinstall). If not, either reboot
   or load the new keymap via kbdcontrol(1).

   To verify the keyboard mapping, switch to a new console and at the
   login prompt, instead of logging in, try to type the Euro key. If
   it is not working, either file a bug report via send-pr(1) or make
   sure you in fact chose the right keyboard map.

     Note: At this stage the Euro key will not yet work in bash or
     tcsh.

     --------------------------------------------------------------

  3.3 Fixing the environment variables

   The shells (bash, tcsh) revert to the readline(3) library which in
   turn respects the LC_CTYPE environment variable. LC_CTYPE must be
   set before the shell is completely running. Luckily it suffices to
   add the line:

 export LC_CTYPE=de_DE.ISO8859-15

   to your .bash_profile (bash), or:

 setenv LC_CTYPE de_DE.ISO8859-15

   to your .login (tcsh) file. Of course, de_DE should be replaced by
   your language. Next, log out, log back in again, and verify your
   Euro key is working. By now most console applications should
   respond to the Euro key. Extra configuration steps for special
   programs like pine might still be necessary however.

     Note: An alternative to modifying .login and .bash_profile is to
     set the environment variables through the login.conf(5)
     mechanism. This approach has the advantage of assigning login
     classes to certain users (e.g. French users, Italian users, etc)
     in one place.

     --------------------------------------------------------------

4 Modifying X11

   Modify /etc/X11/xorg.conf in the following manner:

 Option "XkbLayout"  "de(euro)"

   Again, replace de with your language. By now, the keyboard should
   be set up correctly. As in the console section, the correct font
   must be chosen. For KDE, go to the KDE control center ->
   Personalization -> Country & Language -> Charset and change it to
   ISO8859-15. Similar steps apply to kmail and other applications.

   Another good idea is to modify your fonts.alias files. Notably the
   fixed font should be changed to the right character set: The
   author's /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/misc/fonts.alias looks like
   this:

 ! $Xorg: fonts.alias,v 1.3 2000/08/21 16:42:31 coskrey Exp $
 fixed   -misc-fixed-medium-r-semicondensed--13-120-75-75-c-60-iso8859-15
 variable -*-helvetica-bold-r-normal-*-*-120-*-*-*-*-iso8859-15
 (...)

   As in the console sections, special applications still have
   ISO8859-1 fonts configured in their respective xrdb(1) databases.
   One notable example is xterm. As a general rule of thumb it
   suffices to change the corresponding configuration file in
   /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/app-defaults and add the correct font. Let us
   demonstrate this with xterm.

 # cd /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/app-defaults/
 # vi XTerm

   Add the following line to the beginning of the file:

 *font:     -misc-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-*-120-*-*-c-*-iso8859-15

   Finally, restart X and make sure, fonts can be displayed by
   executing the above awk script. All major applications should
   respect the keyboard mapping and the font settings.

     --------------------------------------------------------------

5 Open problems

   Of course, the author would like to receive feedback. In addition,
   at least let me know if you have fixes for one of these open
   problems:

     * Describe alternative way of setting up Xorg: x11/xkeycaps

     * Settings in GNOME

     * Settings in XFCE

     * Settings for (X)Emacs

     * Describe UTF-8

     * Describe libiconv as a effective way to convert between
       ISO8859-15 and UTF-{8,16} from within applications

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