## org.apache.lucene.index
Class IndexWriter

    java.lang.Object
      org.apache.lucene.index.IndexWriter

All Implemented Interfaces:
  Closeable, TwoPhaseCommit

    public class IndexWriter

extends Object
implements Closeable, TwoPhaseCommit

An `IndexWriter` creates and maintains an index.

The `IndexWriterConfig.OpenMode` option on `IndexWriterConfig.setOpenMode(OpenMode)` determines whether a new index is created, or whether an existing index is opened. Note that you can open an index with `IndexWriterConfig.OpenMode.CREATE` even while readers are using the index. The old readers will continue to search the "point in time" snapshot they had opened, and won't see the newly created index until they re-open. If `IndexWriterConfig.OpenMode.CREATE_OR_APPEND` is used IndexWriter will create a new index if there is not already an index at the provided path and otherwise open the existing index.

In either case, documents are added with `addDocument` and removed with `deleteDocuments(Term)` or `deleteDocuments(Query)`. A document can be updated with `updateDocument` (which just deletes and then adds the entire document). When finished adding, deleting and updating documents, `close` should be called.

These changes are buffered in memory and periodically flushed to the `Directory` (during the above method calls). A flush is triggered when there are enough added documents since the last flush. Flushing is triggered either by RAM usage of the documents (see `IndexWriterConfig.setRAMBufferSizeMB(double)`) or the number of added documents (see `IndexWriterConfig.setMaxBufferedDocs(int)`). The default is to flush when RAM usage hits `IndexWriterConfig.DEFAULT_RAM_BUFFER_SIZE_MB` MB. For best indexing speed you should flush by RAM usage with a large RAM buffer. Additionally, if IndexWriter reaches the configured number of buffered deletes (see `IndexWriterConfig.setMaxBufferedDeleteTerms(int)`) the deleted terms and queries are flushed and applied to existing segments. In contrast to the other flush options `IndexWriterConfig.setRAMBufferSizeMB(double)` and `IndexWriterConfig.setMaxBufferedDocs(int)`, deleted terms won't trigger a segment flush. Note that flushing just moves the internal buffered state in IndexWriter into the index, but these changes are not visible to IndexReader until either `commit()` or `close()` is called. A flush may also trigger one or more segment merges which by default run with a background thread so as not to block the addDocument calls (see below for changing the `MergeScheduler`).

Opening an `IndexWriter` creates a lock file for the directory in use. Trying to open another `IndexWriter` on the same directory will lead to a `LockObtainFailedException`. The `LockObtainFailedException` is also thrown if an IndexReader on the same directory is used to delete documents from the index.

Expert: `IndexWriter` allows an optional `IndexDeletionPolicy` implementation to be specified. You can use this to control when prior commits are deleted from the index. The default policy is `KeepOnlyLastCommitDeletionPolicy` which removes all prior commits as soon as a new commit is done (this matches behavior before 2.2). Creating your own policy can allow you to explicitly keep previous "point in time" commits alive in the index for some time, to allow readers to refresh to the new commit without having the old commit deleted out from under them. This is necessary on filesystems like NFS that do not support "delete on last close" semantics, which Lucene's "point in time" search normally relies on.

Expert: `IndexWriter` allows you to separately change the `MergePolicy` and the `MergeScheduler`. The `MergePolicy` is invoked whenever there are changes to the segments in the index. Its role is to select which merges to do, if any, and return a `MergePolicy.MergeSpecification` describing the merges. The default is `LogByteSizeMergePolicy`. Then, the `MergeScheduler` is invoked with the requested merges and it decides when and how to run the merges. The default is `ConcurrentMergeScheduler`.

NOTE: if you hit an OutOfMemoryError then IndexWriter will quietly record this fact and block all future segment commits. This is a defensive measure in case any internal state (buffered documents and deletions) were corrupted. Any subsequent calls to `commit()` will throw an IllegalStateException. The only course of action is to call `close()`, which internally will call `rollback()`, to undo any changes to the index since the last commit. You can also just call `rollback()` directly.

NOTE: `IndexWriter` instances are completely thread safe, meaning multiple threads can call any of its methods, concurrently. If your application requires external synchronization, you should not synchronize on the `IndexWriter` instance as this may cause deadlock; use your own (non-Lucene) objects instead.

NOTE: If you call `Thread.interrupt()` on a thread that's within IndexWriter, IndexWriter will try to catch this (eg, if it's in a wait() or Thread.sleep()), and will then throw the unchecked exception `ThreadInterruptedException` and clear the interrupt status on the thread.

Nested Class Summary
`static class` `IndexWriter.IndexReaderWarmer` If `DirectoryReader.open(IndexWriter,boolean)` has been called (ie, this writer is in near real-time mode), then after a merge completes, this class can be invoked to warm the reader on the newly merged segment, before the merge commits.

Field Summary
`static int` `MAX_TERM_LENGTH` Absolute hard maximum length for a term, in bytes once encoded as UTF8.
`static String` `SOURCE` Key for the source of a segment in the `diagnostics`.
`static String` `SOURCE_ADDINDEXES_READERS` Source of a segment which results from a call to `addIndexes(IndexReader...)`.
`static String` `SOURCE_FLUSH` Source of a segment which results from a flush.
`static String` `SOURCE_MERGE` Source of a segment which results from a merge of other segments.
`static String` `WRITE_LOCK_NAME` Name of the write lock in the index.

Constructor Summary
`IndexWriter(Directory d, IndexWriterConfig conf)` Constructs a new IndexWriter per the settings given in `conf`.

Method Summary
`void` `addDocument(Iterable<? extends IndexableField> doc)` Adds a document to this index.
`void` `addDocument(Iterable<? extends IndexableField> doc, Analyzer analyzer)` Adds a document to this index, using the provided analyzer instead of the value of `getAnalyzer()`.
`void` `addDocuments(Iterable<? extends Iterable<? extends IndexableField>> docs)` Atomically adds a block of documents with sequentially assigned document IDs, such that an external reader will see all or none of the documents.
`void` `addDocuments(Iterable<? extends Iterable<? extends IndexableField>> docs, Analyzer analyzer)` Atomically adds a block of documents, analyzed using the provided analyzer, with sequentially assigned document IDs, such that an external reader will see all or none of the documents.
`void` `addIndexes(Directory... dirs)` Adds all segments from an array of indexes into this index.
`void` `addIndexes(IndexReader... readers)` Merges the provided indexes into this index.
`void` `close()` Commits all changes to an index, waits for pending merges to complete, and closes all associated files.
`void` `close(boolean waitForMerges)` Closes the index with or without waiting for currently running merges to finish.
`void` `commit()` Commits all pending changes (added & deleted documents, segment merges, added indexes, etc.) to the index, and syncs all referenced index files, such that a reader will see the changes and the index updates will survive an OS or machine crash or power loss.
`void` `deleteAll()` Delete all documents in the index.
`void` `deleteDocuments(Query... queries)` Deletes the document(s) matching any of the provided queries.
`void` `deleteDocuments(Query query)` Deletes the document(s) matching the provided query.
`void` `deleteDocuments(Term... terms)` Deletes the document(s) containing any of the terms.
`void` `deleteDocuments(Term term)` Deletes the document(s) containing `term`.
`void` `deleteUnusedFiles()` Expert: remove any index files that are no longer used.
`protected void` `doAfterFlush()` A hook for extending classes to execute operations after pending added and deleted documents have been flushed to the Directory but before the change is committed (new segments_N file written).
`protected void` `doBeforeFlush()` A hook for extending classes to execute operations before pending added and deleted documents are flushed to the Directory.
`protected void` `ensureOpen()` Used internally to throw an `AlreadyClosedException` if this IndexWriter has been closed (`closed=true`) or is in the process of closing (`closing=true`).
`protected void` `ensureOpen(boolean failIfClosing)` Used internally to throw an `AlreadyClosedException` if this IndexWriter has been closed or is in the process of closing.
`protected void` `flush(boolean triggerMerge, boolean applyAllDeletes)` Flush all in-memory buffered updates (adds and deletes) to the Directory.
`void` `forceMerge(int maxNumSegments)` Forces merge policy to merge segments until there are <= maxNumSegments.
`void` `forceMerge(int maxNumSegments, boolean doWait)` Just like `forceMerge(int)`, except you can specify whether the call should block until all merging completes.
`void` `forceMergeDeletes()` Forces merging of all segments that have deleted documents.
`void` `forceMergeDeletes(boolean doWait)` Just like `forceMergeDeletes()`, except you can specify whether the call should block until the operation completes.
`Analyzer` `getAnalyzer()` Returns the analyzer used by this index.
`Map<String,String>` `getCommitData()` Returns the commit user data map that was last committed, or the one that was set on `setCommitData(Map)`.
`LiveIndexWriterConfig` `getConfig()` Returns a `LiveIndexWriterConfig`, which can be used to query the IndexWriter current settings, as well as modify "live" ones.
`Directory` `getDirectory()` Returns the Directory used by this index.
`Collection<SegmentInfoPerCommit>` `getMergingSegments()` Expert: to be used by a `MergePolicy` to avoid selecting merges for segments already being merged.
`MergePolicy.OneMerge` `getNextMerge()` Expert: the `MergeScheduler` calls this method to retrieve the next merge requested by the MergePolicy
`boolean` `hasDeletions()` Returns true if this index has deletions (including buffered deletions).
`boolean` `hasPendingMerges()` Expert: returns true if there are merges waiting to be scheduled.
`boolean` `hasUncommittedChanges()` Returns true if there are changes that have not been committed
`static boolean` `isLocked(Directory directory)` Returns `true` iff the index in the named directory is currently locked.
`int` `maxDoc()` Returns total number of docs in this index, including docs not yet flushed (still in the RAM buffer), not counting deletions.
`void` `maybeMerge()` Expert: asks the mergePolicy whether any merges are necessary now and if so, runs the requested merges and then iterate (test again if merges are needed) until no more merges are returned by the mergePolicy.
`void` `merge(MergePolicy.OneMerge merge)` Merges the indicated segments, replacing them in the stack with a single segment.
`int` `numDeletedDocs(SegmentInfoPerCommit info)` Obtain the number of deleted docs for a pooled reader.
`int` `numDocs()` Returns total number of docs in this index, including docs not yet flushed (still in the RAM buffer), and including deletions.
`int` `numRamDocs()` Expert: Return the number of documents currently buffered in RAM.
`void` `prepareCommit()` Expert: prepare for commit.
`long` `ramSizeInBytes()` Expert: Return the total size of all index files currently cached in memory.
`void` `rollback()` Close the `IndexWriter` without committing any changes that have occurred since the last commit (or since it was opened, if commit hasn't been called).
`String` `segString()` Returns a string description of all segments, for debugging.
`String` `segString(Iterable<SegmentInfoPerCommit> infos)` Returns a string description of the specified segments, for debugging.
`String` `segString(SegmentInfoPerCommit info)` Returns a string description of the specified segment, for debugging.
`void` `setCommitData(Map<String,String> commitUserData)` Sets the commit user data map.
`boolean` `tryDeleteDocument(IndexReader readerIn, int docID)` Expert: attempts to delete by document ID, as long as the provided reader is a near-real-time reader (from `DirectoryReader.open(IndexWriter,boolean)`).
`static void` `unlock(Directory directory)` Forcibly unlocks the index in the named directory.
`void` `updateDocument(Term term, Iterable<? extends IndexableField> doc)` Updates a document by first deleting the document(s) containing `term` and then adding the new document.
`void` `updateDocument(Term term, Iterable<? extends IndexableField> doc, Analyzer analyzer)` Updates a document by first deleting the document(s) containing `term` and then adding the new document.
`void` `updateDocuments(Term delTerm, Iterable<? extends Iterable<? extends IndexableField>> docs)` Atomically deletes documents matching the provided delTerm and adds a block of documents with sequentially assigned document IDs, such that an external reader will see all or none of the documents.
`void` `updateDocuments(Term delTerm, Iterable<? extends Iterable<? extends IndexableField>> docs, Analyzer analyzer)` Atomically deletes documents matching the provided delTerm and adds a block of documents, analyzed using the provided analyzer, with sequentially assigned document IDs, such that an external reader will see all or none of the documents.
`void` `waitForMerges()` Wait for any currently outstanding merges to finish.

Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object
`clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait`

Field Detail

### WRITE_LOCK_NAME

    public static final String WRITE_LOCK_NAME

  Name of the write lock in the index.

  See Also:
    Constant Field Values

### SOURCE

    public static final String SOURCE

  Key for the source of a segment in the `diagnostics`.

  See Also:
    Constant Field Values

### SOURCE_MERGE

    public static final String SOURCE_MERGE

  Source of a segment which results from a merge of other segments.

  See Also:
    Constant Field Values

### SOURCE_FLUSH

    public static final String SOURCE_FLUSH

  Source of a segment which results from a flush.

  See Also:
    Constant Field Values

### SOURCE_ADDINDEXES_READERS

    public static final String SOURCE_ADDINDEXES_READERS

  Source of a segment which results from a call to `addIndexes(IndexReader...)`.

  See Also:
    Constant Field Values

### MAX_TERM_LENGTH

    public static final int MAX_TERM_LENGTH

  Absolute hard maximum length for a term, in bytes once encoded as UTF8. If a term arrives from the analyzer longer than this length, it is skipped and a message is printed to infoStream, if set (see `IndexWriterConfig.setInfoStream(InfoStream)`).

  See Also:
    Constant Field Values

Constructor Detail

### IndexWriter

    public IndexWriter(Directory d,
                       IndexWriterConfig conf)
                throws IOException

  Constructs a new IndexWriter per the settings given in `conf`. Note that the passed in `IndexWriterConfig` is privately cloned, which, in-turn, clones the `flush policy`, `deletion policy`, `merge policy`, and `merge scheduler`. If you need to make subsequent "live" changes to the configuration use `getConfig()`.

  Parameters:
    `d` - the index directory. The index is either created or appended according `conf.getOpenMode()`.
    `conf` - the configuration settings according to which IndexWriter should be initialized.
  Throws:
    `IOException` - if the directory cannot be read/written to, or if it does not exist and `conf.getOpenMode()` is `OpenMode.APPEND` or if there is any other low-level IO error

Method Detail

### numDeletedDocs

    public int numDeletedDocs(SegmentInfoPerCommit info)

  Obtain the number of deleted docs for a pooled reader. If the reader isn't being pooled, the segmentInfo's delCount is returned.

### ensureOpen

    protected final void ensureOpen(boolean failIfClosing)
                             throws AlreadyClosedException

  Used internally to throw an `AlreadyClosedException` if this IndexWriter has been closed or is in the process of closing.

  Parameters:
    `failIfClosing` - if true, also fail when `IndexWriter` is in the process of closing (`closing=true`) but not yet done closing ( `closed=false`)
  Throws:
    `AlreadyClosedException` - if this IndexWriter is closed or in the process of closing

### ensureOpen

    protected final void ensureOpen()
                             throws AlreadyClosedException

  Used internally to throw an `AlreadyClosedException` if this IndexWriter has been closed (`closed=true`) or is in the process of closing (`closing=true`).

  Calls `ensureOpen(true)`.

  Throws:
    `AlreadyClosedException` - if this IndexWriter is closed

### getConfig

    public LiveIndexWriterConfig getConfig()

  Returns a `LiveIndexWriterConfig`, which can be used to query the IndexWriter current settings, as well as modify "live" ones.

### close

    public void close()
               throws IOException

  Commits all changes to an index, waits for pending merges to complete, and closes all associated files.

  This is a "slow graceful shutdown" which may take a long time especially if a big merge is pending: If you only want to close resources use `rollback()`. If you only want to commit pending changes and close resources see `close(boolean)`.

  Note that this may be a costly operation, so, try to re-use a single writer instead of closing and opening a new one. See `commit()` for caveats about write caching done by some IO devices.

  If an Exception is hit during close, eg due to disk full or some other reason, then both the on-disk index and the internal state of the IndexWriter instance will be consistent. However, the close will not be complete even though part of it (flushing buffered documents) may have succeeded, so the write lock will still be held.

  If you can correct the underlying cause (eg free up some disk space) then you can call close() again. Failing that, if you want to force the write lock to be released (dangerous, because you may then lose buffered docs in the IndexWriter instance) then you can do something like this:

       try {
         writer.close();
       } finally {
         if (IndexWriter.isLocked(directory)) {
           IndexWriter.unlock(directory);
         }
       }

  after which, you must be certain not to use the writer instance anymore.

  NOTE: if this method hits an OutOfMemoryError you should immediately close the writer, again. See above for details.

  Specified by:
    `close` in interface `Closeable`
  Throws:
    `IOException` - if there is a low-level IO error

### close

    public void close(boolean waitForMerges)
               throws IOException

  Closes the index with or without waiting for currently running merges to finish. This is only meaningful when using a MergeScheduler that runs merges in background threads.

  NOTE: if this method hits an OutOfMemoryError you should immediately close the writer, again. See above for details.

  NOTE: it is dangerous to always call close(false), especially when IndexWriter is not open for very long, because this can result in "merge starvation" whereby long merges will never have a chance to finish. This will cause too many segments in your index over time.

  Parameters:
    `waitForMerges` - if true, this call will block until all merges complete; else, it will ask all running merges to abort, wait until those merges have finished (which should be at most a few seconds), and then return.
  Throws:
    `IOException`

### getDirectory

    public Directory getDirectory()

  Returns the Directory used by this index.

### getAnalyzer

    public Analyzer getAnalyzer()

  Returns the analyzer used by this index.

### maxDoc

    public int maxDoc()

  Returns total number of docs in this index, including docs not yet flushed (still in the RAM buffer), not counting deletions.

  See Also:
    `numDocs()`

### numDocs

    public int numDocs()

  Returns total number of docs in this index, including docs not yet flushed (still in the RAM buffer), and including deletions. NOTE: buffered deletions are not counted. If you really need these to be counted you should call `commit()` first.

  See Also:
    `numDocs()`

### hasDeletions

    public boolean hasDeletions()

  Returns true if this index has deletions (including buffered deletions).

### addDocument

    public void addDocument(Iterable<? extends IndexableField> doc)
                     throws IOException

  Adds a document to this index.

  Note that if an Exception is hit (for example disk full) then the index will be consistent, but this document may not have been added. Furthermore, it's possible the index will have one segment in non-compound format even when using compound files (when a merge has partially succeeded).

  This method periodically flushes pending documents to the Directory (see above), and also periodically triggers segment merges in the index according to the `MergePolicy` in use.

  Merges temporarily consume space in the directory. The amount of space required is up to 1X the size of all segments being merged, when no readers/searchers are open against the index, and up to 2X the size of all segments being merged when readers/searchers are open against the index (see `forceMerge(int)` for details). The sequence of primitive merge operations performed is governed by the merge policy.

  Note that each term in the document can be no longer than 16383 characters, otherwise an IllegalArgumentException will be thrown.

  Note that it's possible to create an invalid Unicode string in java if a UTF16 surrogate pair is malformed. In this case, the invalid characters are silently replaced with the Unicode replacement character U+FFFD.

  NOTE: if this method hits an OutOfMemoryError you should immediately close the writer. See above for details.

  Throws:
    `CorruptIndexException` - if the index is corrupt
    `IOException` - if there is a low-level IO error

### addDocument

    public void addDocument(Iterable<? extends IndexableField> doc,
                            Analyzer analyzer)
                     throws IOException

  Adds a document to this index, using the provided analyzer instead of the value of `getAnalyzer()`.

  See `addDocument(Iterable)` for details on index and IndexWriter state after an Exception, and flushing/merging temporary free space requirements.

  NOTE: if this method hits an OutOfMemoryError you should immediately close the writer. See above for details.

  Throws:
    `CorruptIndexException` - if the index is corrupt
    `IOException` - if there is a low-level IO error

### addDocuments

    public void addDocuments(Iterable<? extends Iterable<? extends IndexableField>> docs)
                      throws IOException

  Atomically adds a block of documents with sequentially assigned document IDs, such that an external reader will see all or none of the documents.

  WARNING: the index does not currently record which documents were added as a block. Today this is fine, because merging will preserve a block. The order of documents within a segment will be preserved, even when child documents within a block are deleted. Most search features (like result grouping and block joining) require you to mark documents; when these documents are deleted these search features will not work as expected. Obviously adding documents to an existing block will require you the reindex the entire block.

  However it's possible that in the future Lucene may merge more aggressively re-order documents (for example, perhaps to obtain better index compression), in which case you may need to fully re-index your documents at that time.

  See `addDocument(Iterable)` for details on index and IndexWriter state after an Exception, and flushing/merging temporary free space requirements.

  NOTE: tools that do offline splitting of an index (for example, IndexSplitter in contrib) or re-sorting of documents (for example, IndexSorter in contrib) are not aware of these atomically added documents and will likely break them up. Use such tools at your own risk!

  NOTE: if this method hits an OutOfMemoryError you should immediately close the writer. See above for details.

  Throws:
    `CorruptIndexException` - if the index is corrupt
    `IOException` - if there is a low-level IO error
  WARNING: This API is experimental and might change in incompatible ways in the next release.

### addDocuments

    public void addDocuments(Iterable<? extends Iterable<? extends IndexableField>> docs,
                             Analyzer analyzer)
                      throws IOException

  Atomically adds a block of documents, analyzed using the provided analyzer, with sequentially assigned document IDs, such that an external reader will see all or none of the documents.

  Throws:
    `CorruptIndexException` - if the index is corrupt
    `IOException` - if there is a low-level IO error
  WARNING: This API is experimental and might change in incompatible ways in the next release.

### updateDocuments

    public void updateDocuments(Term delTerm,
                                Iterable<? extends Iterable<? extends IndexableField>> docs)
                         throws IOException

  Atomically deletes documents matching the provided delTerm and adds a block of documents with sequentially assigned document IDs, such that an external reader will see all or none of the documents. See `addDocuments(Iterable)`.

  Throws:
    `CorruptIndexException` - if the index is corrupt
    `IOException` - if there is a low-level IO error
  WARNING: This API is experimental and might change in incompatible ways in the next release.

### updateDocuments

    public void updateDocuments(Term delTerm,
                                Iterable<? extends Iterable<? extends IndexableField>> docs,
                                Analyzer analyzer)
                         throws IOException

  Atomically deletes documents matching the provided delTerm and adds a block of documents, analyzed using the provided analyzer, with sequentially assigned document IDs, such that an external reader will see all or none of the documents. See `addDocuments(Iterable)`.

  Throws:
    `CorruptIndexException` - if the index is corrupt
    `IOException` - if there is a low-level IO error
  WARNING: This API is experimental and might change in incompatible ways in the next release.

### deleteDocuments

    public void deleteDocuments(Term term)
                         throws IOException

  Deletes the document(s) containing `term`.

  NOTE: if this method hits an OutOfMemoryError you should immediately close the writer. See above for details.

  Parameters:
    `term` - the term to identify the documents to be deleted
  Throws:
    `CorruptIndexException` - if the index is corrupt
    `IOException` - if there is a low-level IO error

### tryDeleteDocument

    public boolean tryDeleteDocument(IndexReader readerIn,
                                     int docID)
                              throws IOException

  Expert: attempts to delete by document ID, as long as the provided reader is a near-real-time reader (from `DirectoryReader.open(IndexWriter,boolean)`). If the provided reader is an NRT reader obtained from this writer, and its segment has not been merged away, then the delete succeeds and this method returns true; else, it returns false the caller must then separately delete by Term or Query. NOTE: this method can only delete documents visible to the currently open NRT reader. If you need to delete documents indexed after opening the NRT reader you must use the other deleteDocument methods (e.g., `deleteDocuments(Term)`).

  Throws:
    `IOException`

### deleteDocuments

    public void deleteDocuments(Term... terms)
                         throws IOException

  Deletes the document(s) containing any of the terms. All given deletes are applied and flushed atomically at the same time.

  NOTE: if this method hits an OutOfMemoryError you should immediately close the writer. See above for details.

  Parameters:
    `terms` - array of terms to identify the documents to be deleted
  Throws:
    `CorruptIndexException` - if the index is corrupt
    `IOException` - if there is a low-level IO error

### deleteDocuments

    public void deleteDocuments(Query query)
                         throws IOException

  Deletes the document(s) matching the provided query.

  NOTE: if this method hits an OutOfMemoryError you should immediately close the writer. See above for details.

  Parameters:
    `query` - the query to identify the documents to be deleted
  Throws:
    `CorruptIndexException` - if the index is corrupt
    `IOException` - if there is a low-level IO error

### deleteDocuments

    public void deleteDocuments(Query... queries)
                         throws IOException

  Deletes the document(s) matching any of the provided queries. All given deletes are applied and flushed atomically at the same time.

  NOTE: if this method hits an OutOfMemoryError you should immediately close the writer. See above for details.

  Parameters:
    `queries` - array of queries to identify the documents to be deleted
  Throws:
    `CorruptIndexException` - if the index is corrupt
    `IOException` - if there is a low-level IO error

### updateDocument

    public void updateDocument(Term term,
                               Iterable<? extends IndexableField> doc)
                        throws IOException

  Updates a document by first deleting the document(s) containing `term` and then adding the new document. The delete and then add are atomic as seen by a reader on the same index (flush may happen only after the add).

  NOTE: if this method hits an OutOfMemoryError you should immediately close the writer. See above for details.

  Parameters:
    `term` - the term to identify the document(s) to be deleted
    `doc` - the document to be added
  Throws:
    `CorruptIndexException` - if the index is corrupt
    `IOException` - if there is a low-level IO error

### updateDocument

    public void updateDocument(Term term,
                               Iterable<? extends IndexableField> doc,
                               Analyzer analyzer)
                        throws IOException

  Updates a document by first deleting the document(s) containing `term` and then adding the new document. The delete and then add are atomic as seen by a reader on the same index (flush may happen only after the add).

  NOTE: if this method hits an OutOfMemoryError you should immediately close the writer. See above for details.

  Parameters:
    `term` - the term to identify the document(s) to be deleted
    `doc` - the document to be added
    `analyzer` - the analyzer to use when analyzing the document
  Throws:
    `CorruptIndexException` - if the index is corrupt
    `IOException` - if there is a low-level IO error

### forceMerge

    public void forceMerge(int maxNumSegments)
                    throws IOException

  Forces merge policy to merge segments until there are <= maxNumSegments. The actual merges to be executed are determined by the `MergePolicy`.

  This is a horribly costly operation, especially when you pass a small `maxNumSegments`; usually you should only call this if the index is static (will no longer be changed).

  Note that this requires up to 2X the index size free space in your Directory (3X if you're using compound file format). For example, if your index size is 10 MB then you need up to 20 MB free for this to complete (30 MB if you're using compound file format). Also, it's best to call `commit()` afterwards, to allow IndexWriter to free up disk space.

  If some but not all readers re-open while merging is underway, this will cause > 2X temporary space to be consumed as those new readers will then hold open the temporary segments at that time. It is best not to re-open readers while merging is running.

  The actual temporary usage could be much less than these figures (it depends on many factors).

  In general, once this completes, the total size of the index will be less than the size of the starting index. It could be quite a bit smaller (if there were many pending deletes) or just slightly smaller.

  If an Exception is hit, for example due to disk full, the index will not be corrupted and no documents will be lost. However, it may have been partially merged (some segments were merged but not all), and it's possible that one of the segments in the index will be in non-compound format even when using compound file format. This will occur when the Exception is hit during conversion of the segment into compound format.

  This call will merge those segments present in the index when the call started. If other threads are still adding documents and flushing segments, those newly created segments will not be merged unless you call forceMerge again.

  NOTE: if this method hits an OutOfMemoryError you should immediately close the writer. See above for details.

  NOTE: if you call `close(boolean)` with `false`, which aborts all running merges, then any thread still running this method might hit a `MergePolicy.MergeAbortedException`.

  Parameters:
    `maxNumSegments` - maximum number of segments left in the index after merging finishes
  Throws:
    `CorruptIndexException` - if the index is corrupt
    `IOException` - if there is a low-level IO error
  See Also:
    `MergePolicy.findMerges(org.apache.lucene.index.MergePolicy.MergeTrigger, org.apache.lucene.index.SegmentInfos)`

### forceMerge

    public void forceMerge(int maxNumSegments,
                           boolean doWait)
                    throws IOException

  Just like `forceMerge(int)`, except you can specify whether the call should block until all merging completes. This is only meaningful with a `MergeScheduler` that is able to run merges in background threads.

  NOTE: if this method hits an OutOfMemoryError you should immediately close the writer. See above for details.

  Throws:
    `IOException`

### forceMergeDeletes

    public void forceMergeDeletes(boolean doWait)
                           throws IOException

  Just like `forceMergeDeletes()`, except you can specify whether the call should block until the operation completes. This is only meaningful with a `MergeScheduler` that is able to run merges in background threads.

  NOTE: if this method hits an OutOfMemoryError you should immediately close the writer. See above for details.

  NOTE: if you call `close(boolean)` with `false`, which aborts all running merges, then any thread still running this method might hit a `MergePolicy.MergeAbortedException`.

  Throws:
    `IOException`

### forceMergeDeletes

    public void forceMergeDeletes()
                           throws IOException

  Forces merging of all segments that have deleted documents. The actual merges to be executed are determined by the `MergePolicy`. For example, the default `TieredMergePolicy` will only pick a segment if the percentage of deleted docs is over 10%.

  This is often a horribly costly operation; rarely is it warranted.

  To see how many deletions you have pending in your index, call `IndexReader.numDeletedDocs()`.

  NOTE: this method first flushes a new segment (if there are indexed documents), and applies all buffered deletes.

  NOTE: if this method hits an OutOfMemoryError you should immediately close the writer. See above for details.

  Throws:
    `IOException`

### maybeMerge

    public final void maybeMerge()
                          throws IOException

  Expert: asks the mergePolicy whether any merges are necessary now and if so, runs the requested merges and then iterate (test again if merges are needed) until no more merges are returned by the mergePolicy. Explicit calls to maybeMerge() are usually not necessary. The most common case is when merge policy parameters have changed. This method will call the `MergePolicy` with `MergePolicy.MergeTrigger.EXPLICIT`.

  NOTE: if this method hits an OutOfMemoryError you should immediately close the writer. See above for details.

  Throws:
    `IOException`

### getMergingSegments

    public Collection<SegmentInfoPerCommit> getMergingSegments()

  Expert: to be used by a `MergePolicy` to avoid selecting merges for segments already being merged. The returned collection is not cloned, and thus is only safe to access if you hold IndexWriter's lock (which you do when IndexWriter invokes the MergePolicy).

  Do not alter the returned collection!

### getNextMerge

    public MergePolicy.OneMerge getNextMerge()

  Expert: the `MergeScheduler` calls this method to retrieve the next merge requested by the MergePolicy

  WARNING: This API is experimental and might change in incompatible ways in the next release.

### hasPendingMerges

    public boolean hasPendingMerges()

  Expert: returns true if there are merges waiting to be scheduled.

  WARNING: This API is experimental and might change in incompatible ways in the next release.

### rollback

    public void rollback()
                  throws IOException

  Close the `IndexWriter` without committing any changes that have occurred since the last commit (or since it was opened, if commit hasn't been called). This removes any temporary files that had been created, after which the state of the index will be the same as it was when commit() was last called or when this writer was first opened. This also clears a previous call to `prepareCommit()`.

  Specified by:
    `rollback` in interface `TwoPhaseCommit`
  Throws:
    `IOException` - if there is a low-level IO error

### deleteAll

    public void deleteAll()
                   throws IOException

  Delete all documents in the index.

  This method will drop all buffered documents and will remove all segments from the index. This change will not be visible until a `commit()` has been called. This method can be rolled back using `rollback()`.

  NOTE: this method is much faster than using deleteDocuments( new MatchAllDocsQuery() ). Yet, this method also has different semantics compared to `deleteDocuments(Query)` / `deleteDocuments(Query...)` since internal data-structures are cleared as well as all segment information is forcefully dropped anti-viral semantics like omitting norms are reset or doc value types are cleared. Essentially a call to `deleteAll()` is equivalent to creating a new `IndexWriter` with `IndexWriterConfig.OpenMode.CREATE` which a delete query only marks documents as deleted.

  NOTE: this method will forcefully abort all merges in progress. If other threads are running `forceMerge(int)`, `addIndexes(IndexReader[])` or `forceMergeDeletes(boolean)` methods, they may receive `MergePolicy.MergeAbortedException`s.

  Throws:
    `IOException`

### waitForMerges

    public void waitForMerges()

  Wait for any currently outstanding merges to finish.

  It is guaranteed that any merges started prior to calling this method will have completed once this method completes.

### addIndexes

    public void addIndexes(Directory... dirs)
                    throws IOException

  Adds all segments from an array of indexes into this index.

  This may be used to parallelize batch indexing. A large document collection can be broken into sub-collections. Each sub-collection can be indexed in parallel, on a different thread, process or machine. The complete index can then be created by merging sub-collection indexes with this method.

  NOTE: the index in each `Directory` must not be changed (opened by a writer) while this method is running. This method does not acquire a write lock in each input Directory, so it is up to the caller to enforce this.

  This method is transactional in how Exceptions are handled: it does not commit a new segments_N file until all indexes are added. This means if an Exception occurs (for example disk full), then either no indexes will have been added or they all will have been.

  Note that this requires temporary free space in the `Directory` up to 2X the sum of all input indexes (including the starting index). If readers/searchers are open against the starting index, then temporary free space required will be higher by the size of the starting index (see `forceMerge(int)` for details).

  NOTE: this method only copies the segments of the incoming indexes and does not merge them. Therefore deleted documents are not removed and the new segments are not merged with the existing ones.

  This requires this index not be among those to be added.

  NOTE: if this method hits an OutOfMemoryError you should immediately close the writer. See above for details.

  Throws:
    `CorruptIndexException` - if the index is corrupt
    `IOException` - if there is a low-level IO error

### addIndexes

    public void addIndexes(IndexReader... readers)
                    throws IOException

  Merges the provided indexes into this index.

  The provided IndexReaders are not closed.

  See `addIndexes(org.apache.lucene.store.Directory...)` for details on transactional semantics, temporary free space required in the Directory, and non-CFS segments on an Exception.

  NOTE: if this method hits an OutOfMemoryError you should immediately close the writer. See above for details.

  NOTE: this method merges all given `IndexReader`s in one merge. If you intend to merge a large number of readers, it may be better to call this method multiple times, each time with a small set of readers. In principle, if you use a merge policy with a `mergeFactor` or `maxMergeAtOnce` parameter, you should pass that many readers in one call. Also, if the given readers are `DirectoryReader`s, they can be opened with `termIndexInterval=-1` to save RAM, since during merge the in-memory structure is not used. See `DirectoryReader.open(Directory, int)`.

  NOTE: if you call `close(boolean)` with `false`, which aborts all running merges, then any thread still running this method might hit a `MergePolicy.MergeAbortedException`.

  Throws:
    `CorruptIndexException` - if the index is corrupt
    `IOException` - if there is a low-level IO error

### doAfterFlush

    protected void doAfterFlush()
                         throws IOException

  A hook for extending classes to execute operations after pending added and deleted documents have been flushed to the Directory but before the change is committed (new segments_N file written).

  Throws:
    `IOException`

### doBeforeFlush

    protected void doBeforeFlush()
                          throws IOException

  A hook for extending classes to execute operations before pending added and deleted documents are flushed to the Directory.

  Throws:
    `IOException`

### prepareCommit

    public final void prepareCommit()
                             throws IOException

  Expert: prepare for commit. This does the first phase of 2-phase commit. This method does all steps necessary to commit changes since this writer was opened: flushes pending added and deleted docs, syncs the index files, writes most of next segments_N file. After calling this you must call either `commit()` to finish the commit, or `rollback()` to revert the commit and undo all changes done since the writer was opened.

  You can also just call `commit()` directly without prepareCommit first in which case that method will internally call prepareCommit.

  NOTE: if this method hits an OutOfMemoryError you should immediately close the writer. See above for details.

  Specified by:
    `prepareCommit` in interface `TwoPhaseCommit`
  Throws:
    `IOException`

### setCommitData

    public final void setCommitData(Map<String,String> commitUserData)

  Sets the commit user data map. That method is considered a transaction by `IndexWriter` and will be `committed` even if no other changes were made to the writer instance. Note that you must call this method before `prepareCommit()`, or otherwise it won't be included in the follow-on `commit()`.

  NOTE: the map is cloned internally, therefore altering the map's contents after calling this method has no effect.

### getCommitData

    public final Map<String,String> getCommitData()

  Returns the commit user data map that was last committed, or the one that was set on `setCommitData(Map)`.

### commit

    public final void commit()
                      throws IOException

  Commits all pending changes (added & deleted documents, segment merges, added indexes, etc.) to the index, and syncs all referenced index files, such that a reader will see the changes and the index updates will survive an OS or machine crash or power loss. Note that this does not wait for any running background merges to finish. This may be a costly operation, so you should test the cost in your application and do it only when really necessary.

  Note that this operation calls Directory.sync on the index files. That call should not return until the file contents & metadata are on stable storage. For FSDirectory, this calls the OS's fsync. But, beware: some hardware devices may in fact cache writes even during fsync, and return before the bits are actually on stable storage, to give the appearance of faster performance. If you have such a device, and it does not have a battery backup (for example) then on power loss it may still lose data. Lucene cannot guarantee consistency on such devices.

  NOTE: if this method hits an OutOfMemoryError you should immediately close the writer. See above for details.

  Specified by:
    `commit` in interface `TwoPhaseCommit`
  Throws:
    `IOException`
  See Also:
    `prepareCommit()`

### hasUncommittedChanges

    public final boolean hasUncommittedChanges()

  Returns true if there are changes that have not been committed

### flush

    protected final void flush(boolean triggerMerge,
                               boolean applyAllDeletes)
                        throws IOException

  Flush all in-memory buffered updates (adds and deletes) to the Directory.

  Parameters:
    `triggerMerge` - if true, we may merge segments (if deletes or docs were flushed) if necessary
    `applyAllDeletes` - whether pending deletes should also
  Throws:
    `IOException`

### ramSizeInBytes

    public final long ramSizeInBytes()

  Expert: Return the total size of all index files currently cached in memory. Useful for size management with flushRamDocs()

### numRamDocs

    public final int numRamDocs()

  Expert: Return the number of documents currently buffered in RAM.

### merge

    public void merge(MergePolicy.OneMerge merge)
               throws IOException

  Merges the indicated segments, replacing them in the stack with a single segment.

  Throws:
    `IOException`
  WARNING: This API is experimental and might change in incompatible ways in the next release.

### segString

    public String segString()

  Returns a string description of all segments, for debugging.

  NOTE: This API is for internal purposes only and might change in incompatible ways in the next release.

### segString

    public String segString(Iterable<SegmentInfoPerCommit> infos)

  Returns a string description of the specified segments, for debugging.

  NOTE: This API is for internal purposes only and might change in incompatible ways in the next release.

### segString

    public String segString(SegmentInfoPerCommit info)

  Returns a string description of the specified segment, for debugging.

  NOTE: This API is for internal purposes only and might change in incompatible ways in the next release.

### isLocked

    public static boolean isLocked(Directory directory)
                            throws IOException

  Returns `true` iff the index in the named directory is currently locked.

  Parameters:
    `directory` - the directory to check for a lock
  Throws:
    `IOException` - if there is a low-level IO error

### unlock

    public static void unlock(Directory directory)
                       throws IOException

  Forcibly unlocks the index in the named directory.

  Caution: this should only be used by failure recovery code, when it is known that no other process nor thread is in fact currently accessing this index.

  Throws:
    `IOException`

### deleteUnusedFiles

    public void deleteUnusedFiles()
                           throws IOException

  Expert: remove any index files that are no longer used.

  IndexWriter normally deletes unused files itself, during indexing. However, on Windows, which disallows deletion of open files, if there is a reader open on the index then those files cannot be deleted. This is fine, because IndexWriter will periodically retry the deletion.

  However, IndexWriter doesn't try that often: only on open, close, flushing a new segment, and finishing a merge. If you don't do any of these actions with your IndexWriter, you'll see the unused files linger. If that's a problem, call this method to delete them (once you've closed the open readers that were preventing their deletion).

  In addition, you can call this method to delete unreferenced index commits. This might be useful if you are using an `IndexDeletionPolicy` which holds onto index commits until some criteria are met, but those commits are no longer needed. Otherwise, those commits will be deleted the next time commit() is called.

  Throws:
    `IOException`

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