New-style Signal and Slot Support
=================================

This section describes the new style of connecting signals and slots
introduced in PyQt4 v4.5.

One of the key features of Qt is its use of signals and slots to communicate
between objects.  Their use encourages the development of reusable components.

A signal is emitted when something of potential interest happens.  A slot is a
Python callable.  If a signal is connected to a slot then the slot is called
when the signal is emitted.  If a signal isn't connected then nothing happens.
The code (or component) that emits the signal does not know or care if the
signal is being used.

The signal/slot mechanism has the following features.

- A signal may be connected to many slots.

- A signal may also be connected to another signal.

- Signal arguments may be any Python type.

- A slot may be connected to many signals.

- Connections may be direct (ie. synchronous) or queued (ie. asynchronous).

- Connections may be made across threads.

- Signals may be disconnected.


Unbound and Bound Signals
-------------------------

A signal (specifically an unbound signal) is an attribute of a class that is a
sub-class of ``QObject``.  When a signal is referenced as an attribute of an
instance of the class then PyQt4 automatically binds the instance to the signal
in order to create a *bound signal*.  This is the same mechanism that Python
itself uses to create bound methods from class functions.

A bound signal has ``connect()``, ``disconnect()`` and ``emit()`` methods that
implement the associated functionality.  It also has a ``signal`` attribute
that is the signature of the signal that would be returned by Qt's ``SIGNAL()``
macro.

A signal may be overloaded, ie. a signal with a particular name may support
more than one signature.  A signal may be indexed with a signature in order to
select the one required.  A signature is a sequence of types.  A type is either
a Python type object or a string that is the name of a C++ type.  The name of a
C++ type is automatically normalised so that, for example, ``QString`` can be
used instead of the non-normalised ``const QString &``.

If a signal is overloaded then it will have a default that will be used if no
index is given.

When a signal is emitted then any arguments are converted to C++ types if
possible.  If an argument doesn't have a corresponding C++ type then it is
wrapped in a special C++ type that allows it to be passed around Qt's meta-type
system while ensuring that its reference count is properly maintained.


Defining New Signals with :func:`~PyQt4.QtCore.pyqtSignal`
----------------------------------------------------------

PyQt4 automatically defines signals for all Qt's built-in signals.  New signals
can be defined as class attributes using the :func:`~PyQt4.QtCore.pyqtSignal`
factory.

.. function:: PyQt4.QtCore.pyqtSignal(types[, name])

    Create one or more overloaded unbound signals as a class attribute.

    :param types:
        the types that define the C++ signature of the signal.  Each type may
        be a Python type object or a string that is the name of a C++ type.
        Alternatively each may be a sequence of type arguments.  In this case
        each sequence defines the signature of a different signal overload.
        The first overload will be the default.
    :param name:
        the name of the signal.  If it is omitted then the name of the class
        attribute is used.  This may only be given as a keyword argument.
    :rtype:
        an unbound signal

The following example shows the definition of a number of new signals::

    from PyQt4.QtCore import QObject, pyqtSignal

    class Foo(QObject):

        # This defines a signal called 'closed' that takes no arguments.
        closed = pyqtSignal()

        # This defines a signal called 'rangeChanged' that takes two
        # integer arguments.
        range_changed = pyqtSignal(int, int, name='rangeChanged')

        # This defines a signal called 'valueChanged' that has two overloads,
        # one that takes an integer argument and one that takes a QString
        # argument.  Note that because we use a string to specify the type of
        # the QString argument then this code will run under Python v2 and v3.
        valueChanged = pyqtSignal([int], ['QString'])

New signals should only be defined in sub-classes of ``QObject``.

New signals defined in this way will be automatically added to the class's
``QMetaObject``.  This means that they will appear in Qt Designer and can be
introspected using the ``QMetaObject`` API.

Overloaded signals should be used with care when an argument has a Python type
that has no corresponding C++ type.  PyQt4 uses the same internal C++ class to
represent such objects and so it is possible to have overloaded signals with
different Python signatures that are implemented with identical C++ signatures
with unexpected results.  The following is an example of this::

    class Foo(QObject):

        # This will cause problems because each has the same C++ signature.
        valueChanged = pyqtSignal([dict], [list])


Connecting, Disconnecting and Emitting Signals
----------------------------------------------

Signals are connected to slots using the :meth:`connect` method of a bound
signal.

.. method:: connect(slot[, type=PyQt4.QtCore.Qt.AutoConnection])

    Connect a signal to a slot.  An exception will be raised if the connection
    failed.

    :param slot:
        the slot to connect to, either a Python callable or another bound
        signal.
    :param type:
        the type of the connection to make.

Signals are disconnected from slots using the :meth:`disconnect` method of a
bound signal.

.. method:: disconnect([slot])

    Disconnect one or more slots from a signal.  An exception will be raised if
    the slot is not connected to the signal or if the signal has no connections
    at all.

    :param slot:
        the optional slot to disconnect from, either a Python callable or
        another bound signal.  If it is omitted then all slots connected to the
        signal are disconnected.

Signals are emitted from using the :meth:`emit` method of a bound signal.

.. method:: emit(\*args)

    Emit a signal.

    :param args:
        the optional sequence of arguments to pass to any connected slots.

The following code demonstrates the definition, connection and emit of a
signal without arguments::

    from PyQt4.QtCore import QObject, pyqtSignal

    class Foo(QObject):

        # Define a new signal called 'trigger' that has no arguments.
        trigger = pyqtSignal()

        def connect_and_emit_trigger(self):
            # Connect the trigger signal to a slot.
            self.trigger.connect(self.handle_trigger)

            # Emit the signal.
            self.trigger.emit()

        def handle_trigger(self):
            # Show that the slot has been called.

            print "trigger signal received"

The following code demonstrates the connection of overloaded signals::

    from PyQt4.QtGui import QComboBox

    class Bar(QComboBox):

        def connect_activated(self):
            # The PyQt4 documentation will define what the default overload is.
            # In this case it is the overload with the single integer argument.
            self.activated.connect(self.handle_int)

            # For non-default overloads we have to specify which we want to
            # connect.  In this case the one with the single string argument.
            # (Note that we could also explicitly specify the default if we
            # wanted to.)
            self.activated[str].connect(self.handle_string)

        def handle_int(self, index):
            print "activated signal passed integer", index

        def handle_string(self, text):
            print "activated signal passed QString", text


Connecting Signals Using Keyword Arguments
------------------------------------------

It is also possible to connect signals by passing a slot as a keyword argument
corresponding to the name of the signal when creating an object, or using the
``pyqtConfigure()`` method of ``QObject``.  For example the following three
fragments are equivalent::

    act = QtGui.QAction("Action", self)
    act.triggered.connect(self.on_triggered)

    act = QtGui.QAction("Action", self, triggered=self.on_triggered)

    act = QtGui.QAction("Action", self)
    act.pyqtConfigure(triggered=self.on_triggered)


The :func:`~PyQt4.QtCore.pyqtSlot` Decorator
--------------------------------------------

Although PyQt4 allows any Python callable to be used as a slot when connecting
signals, it is sometimes necessary to explicitly mark a Python method as being
a Qt slot and to provide a C++ signature for it.  PyQt4 provides the
:func:`~PyQt4.QtCore.pyqtSlot` function decorator to do this.

.. function:: PyQt4.QtCore.pyqtSlot(types[, name][, result])

    Decorate a Python method to create a Qt slot.

    :param types:
        the types that define the C++ signature of the slot.  Each type may be
        a Python type object or a string that is the name of a C++ type.
    :param name:
        the name of the slot that will be seen by C++.  If omitted the name of
        the Python method being decorated will be used.  This may only be given
        as a keyword argument.
    :param result:
        the type of the result and may be a Python type object or a string that
        specifies a C++ type.  This may only be given as a keyword argument.

Connecting a signal to a decorated Python method also has the advantage of
reducing the amount of memory used and is slightly faster.

For example::

    from PyQt4.QtCore import QObject, pyqtSlot

    class Foo(QObject):

        @pyqtSlot()
        def foo(self):
            """ C++: void foo() """

        @pyqtSlot(int, str)
        def foo(self, arg1, arg2):
            """ C++: void foo(int, QString) """

        @pyqtSlot(int, name='bar')
        def foo(self, arg1):
            """ C++: void bar(int) """

        @pyqtSlot(int, result=int)
        def foo(self, arg1):
            """ C++: int foo(int) """

        @pyqtSlot(int, QObject)
        def foo(self, arg1):
            """ C++: int foo(int, QObject *) """

It is also possible to chain the decorators in order to define a Python method
several times with different signatures.  For example::

    from PyQt4.QtCore import QObject, pyqtSlot

    class Foo(QObject):

        @pyqtSlot(int)
        @pyqtSlot('QString')
        def valueChanged(self, value):
            """ Two slots will be defined in the QMetaObject. """


Connecting Slots By Name
------------------------

PyQt4 supports the ``QtCore.QMetaObject.connectSlotsByName()`` function that
is most commonly used by :program:`pyuic4` generated Python code to
automatically connect signals to slots that conform to a simple naming
convention.  However, where a class has overloaded Qt signals (ie. with the
same name but with different arguments) PyQt4 needs additional information in
order to automatically connect the correct signal.

For example the ``QtGui.QSpinBox`` class has the following signals::

    void valueChanged(int i);
    void valueChanged(const QString &text);

When the value of the spin box changes both of these signals will be emitted.
If you have implemented a slot called ``on_spinbox_valueChanged`` (which
assumes that you have given the ``QSpinBox`` instance the name ``spinbox``)
then it will be connected to both variations of the signal.  Therefore, when
the user changes the value, your slot will be called twice - once with an
integer argument, and once with a unicode or ``QString`` argument.

This also happens with signals that take optional arguments.  Qt implements
this using multiple signals.  For example, ``QtGui.QAbstractButton`` has the
following signal::

    void clicked(bool checked = false);

Qt implements this as the following::

    void clicked();
    void clicked(bool checked);

The :func:`~PyQt4.QtCore.pyqtSlot` decorator can be used to specify which of
the signals should be connected to the slot.

For example, if you were only interested in the integer variant of the signal
then your slot definition would look like the following::

    @pyqtSlot(int)
    def on_spinbox_valueChanged(self, i):
        # i will be an integer.
        pass

If you wanted to handle both variants of the signal, but with different Python
methods, then your slot definitions might look like the following::

    @pyqtSlot(int, name='on_spinbox_valueChanged')
    def spinbox_int_value(self, i):
        # i will be an integer.
        pass

    @pyqtSlot(str, name='on_spinbox_valueChanged')
    def spinbox_qstring_value(self, s):
        # s will be a Python string object (or a QString if they are enabled).
        pass

The following shows an example using a button when you are not interested in
the optional argument::

    @pyqtSlot()
    def on_button_clicked(self):
        pass


Mixing New-style and Old-style Connections
------------------------------------------

The implementation of new-style connections is slightly different to the
implementation of old-style connections.  An application can freely use both
styles subject to the restriction that any individual new-style connection
should only be disconnected using the new style.  Similarly any individual
old-style connection should only be disconnected using the old style.

You should also be aware that :program:`pyuic4` generates code that uses
old-style connections.
