## 2. Writing a New Valgrind Tool

So you want to write a Valgrind tool? Here are some instructions that may help.

## 2.1. Introduction

The key idea behind Valgrind's architecture is the division between its core and tools.

The core provides the common low-level infrastructure to support program instrumentation, including the JIT compiler, low-level memory manager, signal handling and a thread scheduler. It also provides certain services that are useful to some but not all tools, such as support for error recording, and support for replacing heap allocation functions such as `malloc`.

But the core leaves certain operations undefined, which must be filled by tools. Most notably, tools define how program code should be instrumented. They can also call certain functions to indicate to the core that they would like to use certain services, or be notified when certain interesting events occur. But the core takes care of all the hard work.

## 2.2. Basics

### 2.2.1. How tools work

Tools must define various functions for instrumenting programs that are called by Valgrind's core. They are then linked against Valgrind's core to define a complete Valgrind tool which will be used when the `--tool` option is used to select it.

### 2.2.2. Getting the code

To write your own tool, you'll need the Valgrind source code. You'll need a check-out of the Subversion repository for the automake/autoconf build instructions to work. See the information about how to do check-out from the repository at the Valgrind website.

### 2.2.3. Getting started

Valgrind uses GNU `automake` and `autoconf` for the creation of Makefiles and configuration. But don't worry, these instructions should be enough to get you started even if you know nothing about those tools.

In what follows, all filenames are relative to Valgrind's top-level directory `valgrind/`.

1. Choose a name for the tool, and a two-letter abbreviation that can be used as a short prefix. We'll use `foobar` and `fb` as an example.

2. Make three new directories `foobar/`, `foobar/docs/` and `foobar/tests/`.

3. Create an empty file `foobar/tests/Makefile.am`.

4. Copy `none/Makefile.am` into `foobar/`. Edit it by replacing all occurrences of the strings `"none"`, `"nl_"` and `"nl-"` with `"foobar"`, `"fb_"` and `"fb-"` respectively.

5. Copy `none/nl_main.c` into `foobar/`, renaming it as `fb_main.c`. Edit it by changing the `details` lines in `nl_pre_clo_init` to something appropriate for the tool. These fields are used in the startup message, except for `bug_reports_to` which is used if a tool assertion fails. Also, replace the string `"nl_"` throughout with `"fb_"` again.

6. Edit `Makefile.am`, adding the new directory `foobar` to the `TOOLS` or `EXP_TOOLS` variables.

7. Edit `configure.in`, adding `foobar/Makefile` and `foobar/tests/Makefile` to the `AC_OUTPUT` list.

8. Run:

         autogen.sh
         ./configure --prefix=`pwd`/inst
         make
         make install

   It should automake, configure and compile without errors, putting copies of the tool in `foobar/` and `inst/lib/valgrind/`.

9. You can test it with a command like:

         inst/bin/valgrind --tool=foobar date

   (almost any program should work; `date` is just an example). The output should be something like this:

         ==738== foobar-0.0.1, a foobarring tool.
         ==738== Copyright (C) 2002-2009, and GNU GPL'd, by J. Programmer.
         ==738== Using Valgrind-3.5.0.SVN and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
         ==738== Command: date
         ==738==
         Tue Nov 27 12:40:49 EST 2007
         ==738==

   The tool does nothing except run the program uninstrumented.

These steps don't have to be followed exactly -- you can choose different names for your source files, and use a different `--prefix` for `./configure`.

Now that we've setup, built and tested the simplest possible tool, onto the interesting stuff...

### 2.2.4. Writing the code

A tool must define at least these four functions:

      pre_clo_init()
      post_clo_init()
      instrument()
      fini()

The names can be different to the above, but these are the usual names. The first one is registered using the macro `VG_DETERMINE_INTERFACE_VERSION`. The last three are registered using the `VG_(basic_tool_funcs)` function.

In addition, if a tool wants to use some of the optional services provided by the core, it may have to define other functions and tell the core about them.

### 2.2.5. Initialisation

Most of the initialisation should be done in `pre_clo_init`. Only use `post_clo_init` if a tool provides command line options and must do some initialisation after option processing takes place (`"clo"` stands for "command line options").

First of all, various "details" need to be set for a tool, using the functions `VG_(details_*)`. Some are all compulsory, some aren't. Some are used when constructing the startup message, `detail_bug_reports_to` is used if `VG_(tool_panic)` is ever called, or a tool assertion fails. Others have other uses.

Second, various "needs" can be set for a tool, using the functions `VG_(needs_*)`. They are mostly booleans, and can be left untouched (they default to `False`). They determine whether a tool can do various things such as: record, report and suppress errors; process command line options; wrap system calls; record extra information about heap blocks; etc.

For example, if a tool wants the core's help in recording and reporting errors, it must call `VG_(needs_tool_errors)` and provide definitions of eight functions for comparing errors, printing out errors, reading suppressions from a suppressions file, etc. While writing these functions requires some work, it's much less than doing error handling from scratch because the core is doing most of the work.

Third, the tool can indicate which events in core it wants to be notified about, using the functions `VG_(track_*)`. These include things such as heap blocks being allocated, the stack pointer changing, a mutex being locked, etc. If a tool wants to know about this, it should provide a pointer to a function, which will be called when that event happens.

For example, if the tool want to be notified when a new heap block is allocated, it should call `VG_(track_new_mem_heap)` with an appropriate function pointer, and the assigned function will be called each time this happens.

More information about "details", "needs" and "trackable events" can be found in `include/pub_tool_tooliface.h`.

### 2.2.6. Instrumentation

`instrument` is the interesting one. It allows you to instrument VEX IR, which is Valgrind's RISC-like intermediate language. VEX IR is described in the comments of the header file `VEX/pub/libvex_ir.h`.

The easiest way to instrument VEX IR is to insert calls to C functions when interesting things happen. See the tool "Lackey" (`lackey/lk_main.c`) for a simple example of this, or Cachegrind (`cachegrind/cg_main.c`) for a more complex example.

### 2.2.7. Finalisation

This is where you can present the final results, such as a summary of the information collected. Any log files should be written out at this point.

### 2.2.8. Other Important Information

Please note that the core/tool split infrastructure is quite complex and not brilliantly documented. Here are some important points, but there are undoubtedly many others that I should note but haven't thought of.

The files `include/pub_tool_*.h` contain all the types, macros, functions, etc. that a tool should (hopefully) need, and are the only `.h` files a tool should need to `#include`. They have a reasonable amount of documentation in it that should hopefully be enough to get you going.

Note that you can't use anything from the C library (there are deep reasons for this, trust us). Valgrind provides an implementation of a reasonable subset of the C library, details of which are in `pub_tool_libc*.h`.

When writing a tool, in theory you shouldn't need to look at any of the code in Valgrind's core, but in practice it might be useful sometimes to help understand something.

The `include/pub_tool_basics.h` and `VEX/pub/libvex_basictypes.h` files have some basic types that are widely used.

Ultimately, the tools distributed (Memcheck, Cachegrind, Lackey, etc.) are probably the best documentation of all, for the moment.

The `VG_` macro is used heavily. This just prepends a longer string in front of names to avoid potential namespace clashes. It is defined in `include/pub_tool_basics.h`.

There are some assorted notes about various aspects of the implementation in `docs/internals/`. Much of it isn't that relevant to tool-writers, however.

## 2.3. Advanced Topics

Once a tool becomes more complicated, there are some extra things you may want/need to do.

### 2.3.1. Debugging Tips

Writing and debugging tools is not trivial. Here are some suggestions for solving common problems.

If you are getting segmentation faults in C functions used by your tool, the usual GDB command:

      gdb <prog> core

usually gives the location of the segmentation fault.

If you want to debug C functions used by your tool, there are instructions on how to do so in the file `README_DEVELOPERS`.

If you are having problems with your VEX IR instrumentation, it's likely that GDB won't be able to help at all. In this case, Valgrind's `--trace-flags` option is invaluable for observing the results of instrumentation.

If you just want to know whether a program point has been reached, using the `OINK` macro (in `include/pub_tool_libcprint.h`) can be easier than using GDB.

The other debugging command line options can be useful too (run `valgrind --help-debug` for the list).

### 2.3.2. Suppressions

If your tool reports errors and you want to suppress some common ones, you can add suppressions to the suppression files. The relevant files are `*.supp`; the final suppression file is aggregated from these files by combining the relevant `.supp` files depending on the versions of linux, X and glibc on a system.

Suppression types have the form `tool_name:suppression_name`. The `tool_name` here is the name you specify for the tool during initialisation with `VG_(details_name)`.

### 2.3.3. Documentation

If you are feeling conscientious and want to write some documentation for your tool, please use XML as the rest of Valgrind does. The file `docs/README` has more details on getting the XML toolchain to work; this can be difficult, unfortunately.

To write the documentation, follow these steps (using `foobar` as the example tool name again):

1. The docs go in `foobar/docs/`, which you will have created when you started writing the tool.

2. Copy the XML documentation file for the tool Nulgrind from `none/docs/nl-manual.xml` to `foobar/docs/`, and rename it to `foobar/docs/fb-manual.xml`.

   Note: there is a tetex bug involving underscores in filenames, so don't use '_'.

3. Write the documentation. There are some helpful bits and pieces on using XML markup in `docs/xml/xml_help.txt`.

4. Include it in the User Manual by adding the relevant entry to `docs/xml/manual.xml`. Copy and edit an existing entry.

5. Include it in the man page by adding the relevant entry to `docs/xml/valgrind-manpage.xml`. Copy and edit an existing entry.

6. Validate `foobar/docs/fb-manual.xml` using the following command from within `docs/`:

       make valid

   You may get errors that look like this:

       ./xml/index.xml:5: element chapter: validity error : No declaration for
       attribute base of element chapter

   Ignore (only) these -- they're not important.

   Because the XML toolchain is fragile, it is important to ensure that `fb-manual.xml` won't break the documentation set build. Note that just because an XML file happily transforms to html does not necessarily mean the same holds true for pdf/ps.

7. You can (re-)generate the HTML docs while you are writing `fb-manual.xml` to help you see how it's looking. The generated files end up in `docs/html/`. Use the following command, within `docs/`:

       make html-docs

8. When you have finished, try to generate PDF and PostScript output to check all is well, from within `docs/`:

       make print-docs

   Check the output `.pdf` and `.ps` files in `docs/print/`.

   Note that the toolchain is even more fragile for the print docs, so don't feel too bad if you can't get it working.

### 2.3.4. Regression Tests

Valgrind has some support for regression tests. If you want to write regression tests for your tool:

1. The tests go in `foobar/tests/`, which you will have created when you started writing the tool.

2. Write `foobar/tests/Makefile.am`. Use `memcheck/tests/Makefile.am` as an example.

3. Write the tests, `.vgtest` test description files, `.stdout.exp` and `.stderr.exp` expected output files. (Note that Valgrind's output goes to stderr.) Some details on writing and running tests are given in the comments at the top of the testing script `tests/vg_regtest`.

4. Write a filter for stderr results `foobar/tests/filter_stderr`. It can call the existing filters in `tests/`. See `memcheck/tests/filter_stderr` for an example; in particular note the `$dir` trick that ensures the filter works correctly from any directory.

### 2.3.5. Profiling

Lots of profiling tools have trouble running Valgrind. For example, trying to use gprof is hopeless.

Probably the best way to profile a tool is with OProfile on Linux.

You can also use Cachegrind on it. Read `README_DEVELOPERS` for details on running Valgrind under Valgrind; it's a bit fragile but can usually be made to work.

### 2.3.6. Other Makefile Hackery

If you add any directories under `foobar/`, you will need to add an appropriate `Makefile.am` to it, and add a corresponding entry to the `AC_OUTPUT` list in `configure.in`.

If you add any scripts to your tool (see Cachegrind for an example) you need to add them to the `bin_SCRIPTS` variable in `foobar/Makefile.am` and possible also to the `AC_OUTPUT` list in `configure.in`.

### 2.3.7. The Core/tool Interface

The core/tool interface evolves over time, but it's pretty stable. We deliberately do not provide backward compatibility with old interfaces, because it is too difficult and too restrictive. We view this as a good thing -- if we had to be backward compatible with earlier versions, many improvements now in the system could not have been added.

Because tools are statically linked with the core, if a tool compiles successfully then it should be compatible with the core. We would not deliberately violate this property by, for example, changing the behaviour of a core function without changing its prototype.

## 2.4. Final Words

Writing a new Valgrind tool is not easy, but the tools you can write with Valgrind are among the most powerful programming tools there are. Happy programming!