                4.4BSD O6PeRe-6Tei6N6GuSiSuTeMuno******to******

  McKusick Marshall [FAMILY Given]

  Bostic Keith [FAMILY Given]

  Karels Michael [FAMILY Given]

  Quarterman John [FAMILY Given]

   ******: 43126

   ************ (c) 1996 Addison-Wesley Longman, Inc

   kono******ha*********no******no***ni The Design and Implementation of the
   4.4BSD Operating System no*********wo******sitamonodesu._
   kono******no******ya*********wo*********no*********na******naku***nau5kotoha******saretei5masu._
   kono***de******saretei5ru*********nitui5teha
   ***no***rino******ni******ni******ni***kareteo5ri,_ BSD UNIX
   ni******wo***tu******nitotUte***reta************no***tutonatUtei5masu._
   kono***ni***suru******ha*********kara******saretei5masu._
   sokode******surukotode ************
   noNiYU-6Suwo***ke***rukotomo******desu._ mata,_Kirk McKusick ***yori BSD
   courses ni***suru******mo******saretei5masu._

   kono******no************ha FreeBSD
   *********DoKiYUMeN6Te-6SiYON6PuRoZie6KuToniyotUte***nawaremasita._
   ************no******ha******A ************nitui5tewo******sitekudasai5._

   The second chapter of the book, The Design and Implementation of the
   4.4BSD Operating System is excerpted here with the permission of the
   publisher. No part of it may be further reproduced or distributed without
   the publisher's express written permission. The rest of the book explores
   the concepts introduced in this chapter in incredible detail and is an
   excellent reference for anyone with an interest in BSD UNIX. More
   information about this book is available from the publisher, with whom you
   can also sign up to receive news of related titles. Information about BSD
   courses is available from Kirk McKusick.

   [ Split HTML / Single HTML ]

     ----------------------------------------------------------------------

   ******

   2. 4.4BSD no******no******

                2.1. 4.4BSD no******toKa-6NeRu

                2.2. Ka-6NeRuno******

                2.3. Ka-6NeRu Sa-6BiSu

                2.4. PuRoSeSu******

                2.5. MeMoRi******

                2.6. I/O SiSuTeMu

                2.7. Hua6I6RuSiSuTeMu

                2.8. Hua6I6Ru************

                2.9. NeTUToWa-6KuHua6I6RuSiSuTeMu

                2.10. ******

                2.11. PuRoSeSu********* (IPC)

                2.12. NeTUToWa-6Ku******

                2.13. NeTUToWa-6Ku******

                2.14. SiSuTeMu******

                ************

   A. ************nitui5te

                A.1. *********

   ***no******

   2.1. PuRoSeSunoRaI6HuSaI6KuRu

   2.2. *********naHua6I6RuSiSuTeMu

   ***no******

   2.1. 4.4BSD Ka-6NeRunio5keru***************naSoHuToU6e6A6

   2.2. 4.4BSD Ka-6NeRu***nia5ru HP300 ***no******************

                        ***2*** 4.4BSD no******no******

   ******

   2.1. 4.4BSD no******toKa-6NeRu

   2.2. Ka-6NeRuno******

   2.3. Ka-6NeRu Sa-6BiSu

   2.4. PuRoSeSu******

   2.5. MeMoRi******

   2.6. I/O SiSuTeMu

   2.7. Hua6I6RuSiSuTeMu

   2.8. Hua6I6Ru************

   2.9. NeTUToWa-6KuHua6I6RuSiSuTeMu

   2.10. ******

   2.11. PuRoSeSu********* (IPC)

   2.12. NeTUToWa-6Ku******

   2.13. NeTUToWa-6Ku******

   2.14. SiSuTeMu******

   ************

2.1. 4.4BSD no******toKa-6NeRu

   4.4BSD Ka-6NeRuha 4 tuno************wo******simasu._
   sorehaPuRoSeSu,_Hua6I6RuSiSuTeMu,_KoMiYUNiKe-6SiYON6,_sositeSiSuTeMuno******desu._
   kono***dehasono 4 tuno******Sa-6BiSunosorezorenitui5te
   kono***de***karetei5rukotowo******simasu._

    1. PuRoSeSuhaA6DoReSu*********denoKoN6ToRo-6Runo***rewo******simasu._
       ******ya******yasono***noPuRoSeSuwoKoN6ToRo-6Rusurutameno******miha 4
       ***ni***bemasu._SiSuTeMuha***PuRoSeSuno******no******A6DoReSu******wo
       *********simasu._konoMeMoRi******nitui5teha 5 ***de******simasu._

    2. Hua6I6RuSiSuTeMutoDeBaI6SuhenoYu-6ZaI6N6TaHue6-6Suha***tei5rutame,_ 6
       ***dehasorerani******suru******nitui5te******simasu._ 7
       ***de******suruHua6I6RuSiSuTeMuha,_
       Dei6ReKuToRiga*********ninatUta******de******sareta*********kinoHua6I6Ruto,_
       sorerawo***u5tameno******karanarimasu._
       Hua6I6RuhaDei6SuKunoyou5na*********naMeDei6A6***ni******simasu._
       4.4BSD haDei6SuKu***noDe-6Ta*********woi5kutukaSaPo-6Tositeo5ri,_
       soreha 8 ***no***de***bemasu._
       ******MaSiN6***noHua6I6RuhenoA6KuSeSunitui5teha 9 ***,_
       SiSuTeMuniA6KuSeSusurutameni***waretei5ru******tosono******nitui5teha
       10 ***de***i5masu._

    3. UNIX de***kukara******saretei5ru************niha,_
       ******suruPuRoSeSu***nio5keru******de*********no***i5BaI6ToSuToRi-6Mu
       (11.1 ***PaI6Puwo******)o5yobi,_ ******I6BeN6Tono****** (4.7
       ***SiGuNaRuwo******)gaa5rimasu._ mata,_4.4BSD
       ha******noPuRoSeSu***************mo***e5tei5masu._ 11
       ***ni***berukono************ha,_
       Hua6I6RuSiSuTeMunomonotoha***naruA6KuSeSu******wo******sitei5masuga,_
       ************ga******sarereba,_
       PuRoSeSukarahaPaI6Puto***ziyou5niA6KuSeSusurukotogadekimasu._ 12
       ***deha******noNeTUToWa-6Ku******HuRe-6MuWa-6Kunitui5te***tUtei5masu._
       koreha******,_IPC ******no******ReI6Yatosite***waretei5rumonodesu._ 13
       ***deha,_a5ru******noNeTUToWa-6Kuno******nitui5te******ni***bemasu._

    4. i5kanaru******noO6PeRe-6Tei6N6GuSiSuTeMunimo,_
       donoyou5ni******surukatoi5u5you5na*********no******gaa5rimasu._ 14
       ***deha*********ya*********no******nitui5te***bemasu._

   2.3 ***kara 2.14 ***ha 3 ***kara 14 ***no******wo******surumonodesu._
   watasitatiha******wo******si,_*********naSiSuTeMuKo-6Runitui5te***i5,_
   ******no******nitui5te******sitei5kimasu._
   sosite******ni,_******tonatUtei5ru******kuno******ga,_
   dou5yatUte***baretanokatoi5u5******wo***simasu._

  2.1.1. Ka-6NeRu

   Ka-6NeRu haPuRoTeKuToMo-6Dode******si,_
   subetenoYu-6ZaPuRoGuRaMuga*********naHa-6DoU6e6A6 (tatoe5ba
   CPU,_Dei6SuKu,_******,_NeTUToWa-6Ku************) o5yobi
   SoHuToU6e6A6wo******surumono (tatoe5baHua6I6RuSiSuTeMu,_
   NeTUToWa-6KuPuRoToKoRu) henoA6KuSeSuwo******simasu._
   Ka-6NeRuha*********naSiSuTeMuno******wo******simasu._
   sorehaPuRoSeSuwo******site******wo***i5,_Hua6I6RuSiSuTeMuhenoA6KuSeSu******ya
   KoMiYUNiKe-6SiYON6******wo******simasu._ SiSuTeMuKo-6Ru
   to***barerukorerano******ha
   RaI6BuRaRinoSaBuRu-6TiN6tositeYu-6ZaPuRoSeSuni***remasu._
   koreranoSiSuTeMuKo-6RuhaPuRoSeSugakorerano******ni***site***tUtei5ru
   ******noI6N6TaHue6-6Sudesu._ SiSuTeMuKo-6Ru******no******ha,_
   SiSuTeMuKo-6Ruwo******surukotode******saretei5rumono******no,_
   i5kutukanoKa-6NeRu*********wo******sita 3 ***de***i5masu._

   ******noO6PeRe-6Tei6N6GuSiSuTeMuno******nio5keru Ka-6NeRu toha,_
   O6PeRe-6Tei6N6GuSiSuTeMuniSa-6BiSuwo******suru******wo***u5tameni******na
   *********no******midakewo******suru,_
   SoHuToU6e6A6no***sana***tonaru******nokotodesu._
   *********noO6PeRe-6Tei6N6GuSiSuTeMuno******,_tatoe5ba Chorus [Rozier et
   al, 1988], Mach [Accetta et al, 1986], Tunis [Ewens et al, 1985], V Kernel
   [Cheriton, 1988] deha,_
   konoKa-6NeRutoi5u5******niyoru******ga,_sarani*********ni******ni***keraretei5masu._
   Hua6I6RuSiSuTeMuyaNeTUToWa-6KuPuRoToKoRutoi5tUtaSa-6BiSuha,_
   sono***mosikuhaKa-6NeRuni***suruKuRaI6A6N6ToA6PuRiKe-6SiYON6PuRoSeSutosite
   ******saretei5masu._

   4.4BSD Ka-6NeRuha******noPuRoSeSuniha******saretei5masen5._
   kono************no******ha UNIX no******noBa-6ZiYON6de***waremasita._ Ken
   Thompson niyotUte***wareta***meno 2 tuno******deha
   MeMoRiMaTUPiN6Guganaku,_
   Yu-6Zao5yobiKa-6NeRu******haHa-6DoU6e6A6niyoru******ga***nawaretei5masen5desita
   [Ritchie, 1988]._ MeTUSe-6Zi******SiSuTeMuha,_
   ******ni******saretaKa-6NeRutoYu-6ZaPuRoSeSunoMoDeRuto
   ***zikurai5******ni******surukotoga******desita._
   *********to******notameniMoNoRiSiTUKuKa-6NeRuga***baremasita._
   mata,_******noKa-6NeRuha******ni***sai5monodesitaga,_
   NeTUToWa-6Kunoyou5na******ga******sarerukotode
   ******ni***kikunatUtei5kimasita._
   ******noO6PeRe-6Tei6N6GuSiSuTeMuno******no*********deha
   sonoyou5naSa-6BiSuwoYu-6Za******ni***kukotode
   Ka-6NeRuno***kisawo***rasou5tosuru******nia5rimasu._

   Yu-6Zaha******,_ Sie6Ruto***bareru KoMaN6Do******I6N6TaPuRiTaya,_
   ******saretaYu-6ZaA6PuRiKe-6SiYON6PuRoGuRaMuwo***siteSiSuTeMuto******simasu._
   sonoyou5naPuRoGuRaMuyaSie6Ruha,_PuRoSeSuwo***tUte******saretei5masu._
   soreranoPuRoGuRaMuno******nitui5tehakono***no******wo***e5masunode,_
   kokodehaKa-6NeRunitui5tenomi,_***e5rukotonisimasu._

   2.3 ***,_2.4 ***deha 4.4BSD
   Ka-6NeRuniyotUte******sareruSa-6BiSuya******no******no******nitui5te***i5masu._
   sosite***no***deha,_ 4.4BSD
   ni***rerusoreranoSa-6BiSuno******to******no******wo******simasu._

2.2. Ka-6NeRuno******

   kono***deha,_2 tuno******kara 4.4BSD Ka-6NeRuno******wo***tei5kimasu._

    1. SoHuToU6e6A6no************,_tumariKa-6NeRuwo******surutamenoMoZiYU-6Ru
       niyotUte******sareta*********niyoru******

    2. sono******na******,_tumariYu-6Zani******sareruSa-6BiSuniyoru******

   Ka-6NeRuno*********ha,_SiSuTeMuKo-6Ruwo***siteA6PuRiKe-6SiYON6ga
   A6KuSeSusurutamenoSiSuTeMuSa-6BiSuwo******sitei5masu._ 4.4BSD
   deha,_konoSoHuToU6e6A6ha***noyou5na******ninatUtei5masu._

     * *********naKa-6NeRu******: TaI6Ma-6o5yobiSiSuTeMu******no***ri***i5,_
       ***************,_sositePuRoSeSu******

     * MeMoRi******noSaPo-6To: Pe-6ZiN6GutoSuWaTUPiN6Gu

     * ******noSiSuTeMuI6N6TaHue6-6Su: I/O,_KoN6ToRo-6Ru,_
       *********niyotUte******sareru***************

     * Hua6I6RuSiSuTeMu:
       Hua6I6Ru,_Dei6ReKuToRi,_PaSu***no******,_Hua6I6RuRoTUKu,_ I/O
       BaTUHua6******

     * ******no***ri***i5noSaPo-6To: ******noI6N6TaHue6-6SuDoRaI6Bato
       RaI6N6Dei6SiPuRiN6

     * PuRoSeSu***************: SoKeTUTo

     * NeTUToWa-6Ku******heno******:
       ***************no******PuRoToKoRu,_*********naNeTUToWa-6Ku******

   ***2.1 4.4BSD Ka-6NeRunio5keru***************naSoHuToU6e6A6

               ******             Ko-6Do****** Ka-6NeRu***deno****** 
   *********************no******    162,617            80.4          
   HeTUDa                         9,393        4.6                   
   ***************                1,107        0.6                   
   Ka-6NeRuno******               8,793        4.4                   
   ******noI6N6TaHue6-6Su         4,782        2.4                   
   PuRoSeSu*********              4,540        2.2                   
   ******no***ri***i5             3,911        1.9                   
   ******MeMoRi                   11,813       5.8                   
   vnode ******                   7,954        3.9                   
   Hua6I6RuSiSuTeMuNe-6MiN6Gu     6,550        3.2                   
   FFS                            4,365        2.2                   
   RoGu*********Hua6I6RuSiSuTeMu  4,337        2.1                   
   MeMoRiBe-6SunoHua6I6RuSiSuTeMu 645          0.3                   
   cd9660 Hua6I6RuSiSuTeMu        4,177        2.1                   
   sono***noHua6I6RuSiSuTeMu (10) 12,695       6.3                   
   NeTUToWa-6KuHua6I6RuSiSuTeMu   17,199       8.5                   
   NeTUToWa-6Ku******             8,630        4.3                   
   I6N6Ta-6NeTUToPuRoToKoRu       11,984       5.9                   
   ISO PuRoToKoRu                 23,924       11.8                  
   X.25 PuRoToKoRu                10,626       5.3                   
   XNS PuRoToKoRu                 5,192        2.6                   

   koreranoKaTeGoRinoSoHuToU6e6A6nohoton5doha***************dea5ri,_sikamo
   ***naruHa-6DoU6e6A6A6-6KiTeKuTiYAni******dekirumonodesu._

   Ka-6NeRuno******************ha******noKo-6Dokara******saretei5masu._
   ***ni,_************sitei5ruKo-6Donodorewo***tUtemo,_
   ******noA6-6KiTeKuTiYAnotamenoKo-6Dowo***n5dei5masen5._
   ******ni******suru******ga******natokiniha,_******ni******sinai5Ko-6Doha
   ************noKo-6Do***nia5ruA6-6KiTeKuTiYA******no******wo***bi***simasu._
   ************dea5ruSoHuToU6e6A6ha***nomonowo***n5dei5masu._

     * ***ReBeRunaSiSuTeMu******notameno******

     * ToRaTUPuo5yobiHuo6-6RuTono***i5

     * PuRoSeSuno************ni***suru***ReBeRuna******

     * Ha-6DoU6e6A6DeBaI6Suno******to*********

     * I/O DeBaI6SunoRaN6TaI6MuSaPo-6To

   ***2.2 4.4BSD Ka-6NeRu***nia5ru HP300 ***no******************

                 ******                Ko-6Do****** Ka-6NeRu***deno****** 
       ******************no******         39,634            19.6          
   ******************noHeTUDa          1,562        0.8                   
   DeBaI6SuDoRaI6BanoHeTUDa            3,495        1.7                   
   DeBaI6SuDoRaI6BanoSo-6SuKo-6Do      17,506       8.7                   
   ******MeMoRi                        3,087        1.5                   
   ***no******************             6,287        3.1                   
   A6SeN6BuRi******de***karetaRu-6TiN6 3,014        1.5                   
   HP/UX ************                  4,683        2.3                   

   ***2.1<'4.4BSD Ka-6NeRunio5keru***************naSoHuToU6e6A6>' ha HP300
   *** 4.4BSD Ka-6NeRuwo******suruSoHuToU6e6A6nou5ti,_
   ***************no******womatometamonodesu._ 2 ******no******ha C
   ******noSo-6SuKo-6Do,_HeTUDaHua6I6Ru,_sosite
   A6SeN6BuRi******nomonowo***siteo5ri,_ A6SeN6BuRi******nomonoha 2%
   ******sikaa5rimasen5._ mata,_***2.2<'4.4BSD Ka-6NeRu***nia5ru HP300
   ***no******************>' no******ga***sitei5ruyou5ni,_
   ************noSoHuToU6e6A6ha,_HP/UX yaDeBaI6SuSaPo-6Towo***i5te,_
   Ka-6NeRunou5tiwazukani 6.9% sikaa5rimasen5._

   Ka-6NeRunogoku***sana******dakegaSiSuTeMuno*********ni******simasu._
   konoKo-6DohaSiSuTeMuga ******suru tokini***i5rare,_
   Ka-6NeRugaHa-6DoU6e6A6yaSoHuToU6e6A6no************wosurutameno************to
   narimasu (14 *********)._ (******sareta******MeMoRiwo***tumononiha***ni)
   O6PeRe-6Tei6N6GuSiSuTeMuno***niha
   korerano******ga******sareta***nisonoSoHuToU6e6A6wo******sitesimau5ka,_
   ***kara***tUtesimau5 monomoa5rimasu._ 4.4BSD
   Ka-6NeRuha,_******surutameni***sitaKo-6DonotamenoMeMoRiwo*********simasen5._
   soreha******no******dehaKa-6NeRunoRiSo-6Sunou5ti 0.5%
   ni***ginai5karadesu._
   sosite,_******notamenoKo-6DohaKa-6NeRuno***no*********ni***matUtehai5masen5._
   soreha******niwatatUte******siteo5ri,_*********saretatokini*********ni******sitei5ta
   ******ni******simasu._

2.3. Ka-6NeRu Sa-6BiSu

   Ka-6NeRuReBeRuKo-6DotoYu-6ZaReBeRuKo-6Dono***no******ha,_
   ******tonaruHa-6DoU6e6A6de******sareruHa-6DoU6e6A6ReBeRuno************niyotUte
   ******saretei5masu._
   Ka-6NeRuha,_Yu-6ZaPuRoSeSunitotUteA6KuSeSusinikui5***ri***sareta
   A6DoReSu******de******simasu._******noa5ru****** -- tatoe5ba I/O
   no******ya****************** (CPU) no****** --
   ha,_Ka-6NeRudakega************desu._
   A6PuRiKe-6SiYON6haSiSuTeMuKo-6Ruwo***i5teKa-6NeRuni
   Sa-6BiSuwo******simasu._SiSuTeMuKo-6Ruha******************niDe-6Tawo
   ***ki***muyou5na******na******ya,_******no******wo***suyou5na******na******wo
   Ka-6NeRuni******saserutameni******saremasu._ A6PuRiKe-6SiYON6karaha,_
   subetenoSiSuTeMuKo-6Ruga*********ni******suruyou5ni***e5masu._
   tumariA6PuRiKe-6SiYON6ha,_Ka-6NeRugaSiSuTeMuKo-6Runi******sita
   ******wositei5rutokiniha******sitei5masu._
   Ka-6NeRuhaSiSuTeMuKo-6Ru******no******wo,_
   SiSuTeMuKo-6Ruga***tUta***ni******surukotomoa5rimasu._ tatoe5ba write
   SiSuTeMuKo-6Ruha,_
   PuRoSeSuga***tUtei5ru***ni***ki***muDe-6TawoYu-6ZaPuRoSeSukaraKa-6NeRuBaTUHua6niKoPi-6simasuga,_
   ******,_sonoKa-6NeRuBaTUHua6gaDei6SuKuni***ki***mareru***niSiSuTeMuKo-6Rukara***rimasu._

   ******,_SiSuTeMuKo-6Ruha CPU
   no******Mo-6Doo5yobi******noA6DoReSu******MaTUPiN6Guwo******suru
   Ha-6DoU6e6A6ToRaTUPutosite******saretei5masu._
   Yu-6ZaniyotUte***e5raretaSiSuTeMuKo-6Ru***noPaRaMe-6Taha,_
   ******sareru***niKa-6NeRuniyotUte******saremasu._
   sonoyou5naTie6TUKuhaSiSuTeMuno*********wo******simasu._
   Ka-6NeRuhe***saretaPaRaMe-6TahasubeteKa-6NeRunoA6DoReSu******niKoPi-6saremasu._
   koreha,_SiSuTeMuKo-6Runo*********niyori******saretaPaRaMe-6Taga
   ******sarenai5kotowo******surutamedesu._
   SiSuTeMuKo-6Runo***ri***ha,_Ka-6NeRuniyotUteHa-6DoU6e6A6ReZiSuTa***ni***sareruka,_
   a5rui5haYu-6Zaga******sitaMeMoRiA6DoReSuniKoPi-6sareru***de***saremasu._
   Ka-6NeRuhe***saretaPaRaMe-6Tanoyou5ni
   ******wo***sutameniA6PuRiKe-6SiYON6niyotUte******saretaA6DoReSuha,_
   soreraga******niA6PuRiKe-6SiYON6noA6DoReSu******no******dea5ru,_
   toi5u5kotoga******sarenakerebanarimasen5._
   SiSuTeMuKo-6Ruwo******suru***niKa-6NeRugaE6Ra-6ni******sita******,_Ka-6NeRuha
   Yu-6ZaniE6Ra-6Ko-6Dowo***simasu._ C
   PuRoGuRaMiN6Gu******nio5i5teha,_konoE6Ra-6Ko-6Doga************
   errnoni******saremasu._mata,_SiSuTeMuKo-6Ruwo ******sita******ha -1
   no***wo***simasu._

   Yu-6ZaA6PuRiKe-6SiYON6toKa-6NeRuha,_***i5ni******site******simasu._ 4.4BSD
   ha I/O KoN6ToRo-6RuBuRoTUKuya,_
   O6PeRe-6Tei6N6GuSiSuTeMuni******surusono***noDe-6Ta*********wo
   A6PuRiKe-6SiYON6noA6DoReSu******ni******simasen5._
   Yu-6ZaReBeRunoA6PuRiKe-6SiYON6hasorezore,_
   ******notameno******sitaA6DoReSu******wo******saremasu._
   Ka-6NeRuha,_tatoe5ba***noPuRoSeSuga***tUtei5ru***sonoPuRoSeSuwo******sase,_
   ******suruPuRoSeSuni***e5nai5you5nisurutoi5u5you5na,_
   ************nohoton5dowo******sitei5masu._

2.4. PuRoSeSu******

   4.4BSD haMaRuTiTaSuKu******woSaPo-6Tositei5masu._
   ******saretasorezorenoTaSuKumatahaSuReTUDoha PuRoSeSuto***baretei5masu._
   4.4BSD noPuRoSeSunoKoN6TeKiSuToha,_
   A6DoReSu******no******toRaN6TaI6Mu******wo***muYu-6ZaReBeRuno******to,_
   SuKeZiYU-6RiN6GunoPaRaMe-6TayaRiSo-6Su******,_************wo***mu
   Ka-6NeRuReBeRuno******kara******saretei5masu._
   KoN6TeKiSuTonihaKa-6NeRugaPuRoSeSuniSa-6BiSuwo
   ******suru***ni******surusubetega***maretei5masu._
   Yu-6ZahaPuRoSeSuwo******si,_sono******wo******si,_
   PuRoSeSuno************ga******sitatokini******wo***ke***rukotogadekimasu._
   subetenoPuRoSeSunihaPuRoSeSu ID (PID)
   to***bareru******no***ga***ri***teraremasu._
   kono***haKa-6NeRugaYu-6Zani************no******wo******surutokiniPuRoSeSuno******wo******sitari,_
   Yu-6ZagaSiSuTeMuKo-6Ruwo******surutameni******suru***ni******saremasu._

   Ka-6NeRuha***noPuRoSeSunoKoN6TeKiSuTowo******sitePuRoSeSuwo******simasu._
   ***siku******saretaPuRoSeSuwo ***no***PuRoSeSuno ***PuRoSeSuto***bimasu._
   PuRoSeSu*********ni******saretaKoN6TeKiSuToha,_Yu-6ZaReBeRunoPuRoSeSuno************to
   Ka-6NeRuga******sitei5ruPuRoSeSunoSiSuTeMu******no******wo***n5dei5masu._
   Ka-6NeRuno******ni***suru******na************nitui5teha,_4
   ***de******sitei5masu._

   ***2.1 PuRoSeSunoRaI6HuSaI6KuRu
   PuRoSeSu******SiSuTeMuKo-6Ru

   ***2.1<'PuRoSeSunoRaI6HuSaI6KuRu>'dehaPuRoSeSunoRaI6HuSaI6KuRuwo***sitei5masu._
   PuRoSeSuha fork SiSuTeMuKo-6Ruwo***i5te,_
   ***noPuRoSeSunoKoPi-6tosite***sii5PuRoSeSuwo******surukotogadekimasu._
   fork ha***bi***sareruto
   *********rimasu._******ha***PuRoSeSuni***PuRoSeSunoPuRoSeSu ID wo***si,_
   mou5******ha***PuRoSeSuni 0 wo***simasu._
   PuRoSeSuno************haSiSuTeMu***noPuRoSeSuno***ni************womotarasimasu._
   ***siku******saretaPuRoSeSuhaHua6I6Ru*********yaSiGuNaRuHaN6DoRano******,_
   MeMoRiReI6A6U6Tonoyou5na***ga***tUtei5ruRiSo-6Susubetewo******simasu._

   ***noKoPi-6tosite******sareta***sii5PuRoSeSudea5tUtemo,_
   ***noPuRoGuRaMuwoRo-6Dosi******surukotodeyori******de******no******wosurukotomodekimasu._
   PuRoSeSuha execve SiSuTeMuKo-6Ruwo***i5rukotode,_
   ***noPuRoGuRaMunoMeMoRiI6Me-6Zide************wo******kisite,_
   ***sii5******no***wosono***siku******sitaI6Me-6Zini***ki***sukotogadekimasu._
   ******no***tuha,_SiSuTeMude******sareruHuo6-6MaTUTo
   (BaI6NaRi******Hua6I6Ruya******saretaI6N6TaPuRiTaPuRoGuRaMuno******wo***suHua6I6Ru)
   wositaHua6I6Runo******desu._

   PuRoSeSuha exit SiSuTeMuKo-6Ruwo******surukotode,_ ***PuRoSeSuni 8
   BiTUTono exit SuTe-6TaSuwo******site******surukotogadekimasu._
   mosiPuRoSeSuga 1 BaI6To******no******wo***PuRoSeSuni***e5tai5******niha,_
   PaI6PuyaSoKeTUTo,_mataha******Hua6I6Ruwo***i5te
   PuRoSeSu*********TiYANeRuwoSeTUToA6TUPusuru******gaa5rimasu._
   PuRoSeSu*********nitui5teha 11 ***de***kiku***ri***getei5masu._

   PuRoSeSuha,_wait SiSuTeMuKo-6Ruwo***i5te
   ***PuRoSeSunoi5zurekaga******surumade******wo******surukotogadeki,_ wait
   SiSuTeMuKo-6Ruha******sita***PuRoSeSuno PID
   to******SuTe-6TaSuwo***simasu._
   ***PuRoSeSuha,_***PuRoSeSuga******mataha************sitatokinoSiGuNaRuniyoru******nosare***wo******dekimasu._
   wait4 SiSuTeMuKo-6Ruwo******surukotode,_
   ***PuRoSeSuha***PuRoSeSuno******wo***ki***kositaI6BeN6Tonitui5teno******to,_
   ***PuRoSeSuga************no***ni******sitaRiSo-6Sunitui5teno******wo******surukotogadekimasu._
   mosi***PuRoSeSuga***ni******sitatameniRiSo-6SugaO6-6Hua6N6Do
   (***nonai5******) ninatUtesimatUta******,_Ka-6NeRuha init
   toi5u5******naPuRoSeSunisono***PuRoSeSuno
   ******SuTe-6TaSuga***sareruyou5******simasu._korenitui5teha 3.1 ***o5yobi
   14.6 ***wo******sitekudasai5._

   5 ***deha,_Ka-6NeRugadonoyou5nisitePuRoSeSuwo******si
   ******saserukanitui5teno******wo***betei5masu._

   PuRoSeSuhaPuRoSeSu*********toi5u5PaRaMe-6Tani***tUte
   ******woSuKeZiYU-6Rusaremasu._
   kono*********haKa-6NeRuBe-6SunoSuKeZiYU-6RiN6GuA6RuGoRiZuMuniyotUte******saretei5masu._
   SuKeZiYU-6RiN6Guno***************ni***midukesuru******naPaRaMe-6Ta (nice)
   niyotUte,_Yu-6ZahaPuRoSeSuno***************ni******wo***e5rukotogadekimasuga,_
   Ka-6NeRunoSuKeZiYU-6RiN6GuPoRiSini***tUte,_******tonaru CPU
   RiSo-6Suwo******suru******gaa5rimasu._

  2.4.1. SiGuNaRu

   SiSuTeMuhaPuRoSeSuni***rukotogadekiru SiGuNaRunoSeTUTowo******sitei5masu._
   4.4BSD nio5keruSiGuNaRuhaHa-6DoU6e6A6***ri***miwoMoDeRutositei5masu._
   PuRoSeSuhaYu-6ZaReBeRunoSaBuRu-6TiN6woSiGuNaRuga***rarerubeki
   HaN6DoRatosite******dekimasu._
   SiGuNaRuga******site,_soregaHaN6DoRaniyotUte******saretei5ru***ha
   saranaruSiGuNaRuno******haBuRoTUKusaremasu._
   SiGuNaRuwo******surukotode,_******noPuRoSeSunoKoN6TeKiSuTowo******si,_
   HaN6DoRawo******surutameno***tanaKoN6TeKiSuTowo******surukotoninarimasu._
   SiGuNaRugaHaN6DoRani***waruto,_sonoHaN6DoRahaPuRoSeSuwoA6Bo-6Tosasetari,_
   (o5soraku************ni***wo******sita***de)
   *********noPuRoSeSuni***rukotomodekimasu._
   HaN6DoRakara***ruto,_sonoSiGuNaRuhaBuRoTUKusarenakunari,_ ******suru
   (sosite******sareru) kotoga***bi******ninarimasu._

   mata,_PuRoSeSuhaSiGuNaRuwo******surukotoya,_
   Ka-6NeRude******saretei5ruDeHuo6RuTono******wo***nau5you5ni******surukotogadekimasu._
   a5ru***noSiGuNaRunoDeHuo6RuTodeno******haPuRoSeSuwo******saserukotodesu._
   konoyou5na******no******ha,_******noDeBaTUGuni******dekiruyou5nisono***noPuRoSeSunoMeMoRiI6Me-6Ziwo***n5da
   KoA6Hua6I6Runo******wo***i5masu._

   i5kutukanoSiGuNaRuha******surukotomo******surukotomodekimasen5._
   sonoSiGuNaRuha,_******sitaPuRoSeSuwo******saseru SIGKILL ya,_
   ZiYOBuKoN6ToRo-6RuSiGuNaRudea5ru SIGSTOP desu._

   PuRoSeSuhaSiGuNaRuwo******naSuTaTUKuni******saserukotomo******dekimasu._
   koreniyori,_******saretaSoHuToU6e6A6SuTaTUKu******ga******desu._
   tatoe5ba,_KoRu-6TiN6woSaPo-6Tositei5ru******deha
   sorezorenoKoRu-6TiN6niSuTaTUKuwo******suru******gaa5rimasu._
   sono******no******SiSuTeMuha,_4.4BSD
   de******sareru******noSuTaTUKuwo******surukotode,_
   koreranoSuTaTUKuwo***ri***terukotogadekimasu._
   mosiKa-6NeRuga******sitaSiGuNaRuSuTaTUKuwoSaPo-6Tositei5nai5******,_
   sorezorenoKoRu-6TiN6ni***ri***terareta******wo
   SiGuNaRuno******ni******na***dake******sinakerebanarimasen5._

   subetenoSiGuNaRuha,_***zi*********wo***tUtei5masu._
   mosi******noSiGuNaRuga******ni*********tonatUtei5ru******ha,_
   SiGuNaRuno***ku******ha******ni******simasu._
   SiGuNaRuHaN6DoRaha,_sonoSiGuNaRugaBuRoTUKusareruyou5nisite******simasuga,_
   ***noSiGuNaRuha******************desu._ konoMeKaNiZuMuniyori,_PuRoSeSuha
   Ko-6DonoKuRiTei6KaRuna******wo******noSiGuNaRuno******ni***site******surukotogadekirunodesu._

   SiGuNaRuno******to******no******ha,_4.7 ***de******sitei5masu._

  2.4.2. PuRoSeSuGuRu-6PutoSeTUSiYON6

   ******noPuRoSeSuwo******sitePuRoSeSuGuRu-6Puga***raremasu._
   PuRoSeSuGuRu-6Puha******henoA6KuSeSuno******ya
   ******PuRoSeSuno******niSiGuNaRuwo***ru******wo******surunoni******saremasu._
   PuRoSeSuha***PuRoSeSukaraPuRoSeSuGuRu-6Puwo***ki***gimasu._
   PuRoSeSuga************mataha******no******noPuRoSeSuGuRu-6Puwo******dekiruyou5nisuru
   MeKaNiZuMuwoKa-6NeRuha******sitei5masu._
   ***sii5PuRoSeSuGuRu-6Puwo******surukotoha******desu._
   ***sii5PuRoSeSuGuRu-6Puno***hatai5tei5 ******sitaPuRoSeSunoPuRoSeSu ID
   tonarimasu._

   PuRoSeSuGuRu-6Punio5keruPuRoSeSuno******ha,_ZiYOButo***barerukotogaa5ri,_
   Sie6Runoyou5na***ReBeRunoSiSuTeMuSoHuToU6e6A6de******saremasu._
   Sie6RuniyotUte******sareruyokua5ru***noZiYOBuha,_i5kutukanoPuRoSeSuwoPaI6Pudetunai5da
   PaI6PuRaI6N6de,_******noPuRoSeSuno******ga 2 ******no******tonari,_ 2
   ******no******ga 3 ******no******tonari,_4 ******mo******ni...
   toi5u5monodesu._ Sie6RuhaPaI6PuRaI6N6no*********nio5i5tePuRoSeSuwo fork
   site,_ korerasubetenoPuRoSeSuwo******noPuRoSeSuGuRu-6Punio5kukotode
   konoyou5naZiYOBuwo******simasu._

   Yu-6ZaPuRoSeSuha,_******noPuRoSeSuni***ru******to******ni
   PuRoSeSuGuRu-6PunosorezorenoPuRoSeSunimatometeSiGuNaRuwo***rukotogadekimasu._
   ******saretaPuRoSeSuGuRu-6Puni***suruPuRoSeSuga
   sonoPuRoSeSuGuRu-6Puni******suruSoHuToU6e6A6***ri***miwo***ke***ruto,_
   soreniyotUtePuRoSeSuGuRu-6Puha******wo******ya******wositari,_
   ***ri***miwo***ketari,_******saseraretarisimasu._

   ******nihaPuRoSeSuGuRu-6Pu ID ga***ri***teraretei5masu._ kono ID
   ha,_******ni******dukeraretaPuRoSeSuGuRu-6Puno ID ga******SeTUTosaremasu._
   ZiYOBuKoN6ToRo-6Ru******wo***tuSie6Ruha,_***zi******ni******dukesareta
   PuRoSeSuGuRu-6Puwo************surukotogadekimasu._
   sono******ha,_koreranoPuRoSeSuGuRu-6Puni***suruPuRoSeSuno************tonarimasu._
   PuRoSeSuha,_******noPuRoSeSuGuRu-6Pu ID tosonoPuRoSeSunoPuRoSeSuGuRu-6Pu
   ID ga******sitatokinomi,_ ************wo*********kara***mukotogadekimasu._
   mosiPuRoSeSuGuRu-6Pu ID ga******sitei5nakereba,_
   PuRoSeSugasono******kara***mi***mou5tosuru***niBuRoTUKusaremasu._
   ******noPuRoSeSuGuRu-6Pu ID wo******surukotode,_
   Sie6Ruhai5kutukano***naruZiYOBuno***de******wo******surukotogadekimasu._
   kono******haZiYOBuKoN6ToRo-6Ruto***bare,_ PuRoSeSuGuRu-6Putotomoni 4.8
   ***de******sitei5masu._

   ******suruPuRoSeSuno******woPuRoSeSuGuRu-6Putositematomerukotogadekirunoto***ziyou5ni,_
   PuRoSeSuGuRu-6Puno******woSeTUSiYON6tositematomerukotogadekimasu._
   SeTUSiYON6noo5mona******ha,_De-6MoN6PuRoSeSutosono***PuRoSeSuni***site******sita******wo***ri***sitari,_
   Yu-6ZanoRoGuI6N6Sie6RutosonoSie6Ruga***ri***suZiYOBuwohitomatomenisurukotodesu._

2.5. MeMoRi******

   sorezorenoPuRoSeSuhaPuRoSeSugotonoPuRaI6Be-6ToA6DoReSu******wo***tUtei5masu._
   A6DoReSu******ha,_******ni*********na3tunoSeGuMeN6Toni******saremasu:
   TeKiSuTo,_ De-6Ta,_o5yobi SuTaTUKudesu._
   TeKiSuToSeGuMeN6Toha***mi***si******de,_PuRoGuRaMuno******wo***n5dei5masu._
   De-6Ta***biSuTaTUKuSeGuMeN6Toha***mi***ri***ki***mitomoni******desu._
   De-6TaSeGuMeN6Toniha
   *********saretei5ruDe-6Tato*********saretei5nai5De-6Tagaa5runoni***si,_
   SuTaTUKuSeGuMeN6TohaRaN6TaI6MuSuTaTUKuwo******simasu._
   hoton5donoMaSiN6deha,_PuRoSeSuga******surutotomoni,_
   Ka-6NeRuniyotUteSuTaTUKuSeGuMeN6Toha*********ni******saremasu._
   PuRoSeSuhaSiSuTeMuKo-6RuniyoriDe-6TaSeGuMeN6Towo******suru***ga******desuga,_
   SeGuMeN6Tono******gaHua6I6RuSiSuTeMukaranoDe-6Tadea5ru******,_a5rui5ha
   DeBaTUGu***ni***riPuRoSeSuhasonoTeKiSuToSeGuMeN6TonoSaI6Zuwo******surukotogadekimasu._
   ***PuRoSeSunoSeGuMeN6Tono******no******ha***PuRoSeSunoSeGuMeN6TonoKoPi-6desu._

   PuRoSeSuA6DoReSu******no*********haPuRoSeSuga******surunoniha******gaa5rimasen5._
   PuRoSeSugaMeI6N6MeMoRinio5i5te******saretei5nai5A6DoReSu******no******wo******suru******,_
   SiSuTeMuhaMeI6N6MeMoRi-6karaMeMoRino***no******na******wo Pe-6Zi
   nitukemasu._
   SiSuTeMuRiSo-6Suga******suru******,_SiSuTeMuha************na******wo******surutameni2ReBeRunoA6PuRo-6Tiwosimasu._
   ******no***noMeMoRiga************na******dekorerano******ga************saretei5nai5******,_
   SiSuTeMuhaPuRoSeSukaraMeMoRiRiSo-6Suwo******simasu._
   MeMoRi-6******ga******datUta******,_SiSuTeMuhaPuRoSeSuno*********wo*****KiYATUSiYUno
   SuWaTUPu ni***rimasu._ Pe-6ZiN6Gu to SuWaTUPu
   no******haSiSuTeMuniyotUte***wareta,_PuRoSeSuni******desu._
   PuRoSeSuha************tosite******sareta******noMeMoRi******nitui5teSiSuTeMuni******surukamosiremasen5._

  2.5.1. BSDMeMoRi************no******

   ***no***i5A6DoReSu******noSaPo-6To,_
   MeMoRiMaTUPuHua6I6Ru,_******MeMoRiha,_ 4.2BSD
   ni******saretamonono***tudesita._
   ******sitaPuRoSeSu***gaPuRoSeSunoA6DoReSu******woHua6I6RuniMaTUPiN6Gusi,_
   soreno******wo******nisuru mmap
   to***bareruI6N6TaHue6-6Suga******saremasita._
   ******noPuRoSeSuga***ziHua6I6RuniPuRoSeSunoA6DoReSu******woMaTUPiN6Gusita******,_
   ***tunoPuRoSeSugaHua6I6RuniMaTUPiN6GusaretaA6DoReSu******no*********ni***site
   ***e5ta******ha,_******noHua6I6Rugasou5dea5runoto******,_
   ***zi******woMaTUPiN6Gusitei5ru***noPuRoSeSunimo******saremasu._
   sikasi******,_4.2BSDha mmap
   I6N6TaHue6-6Suwo***manai5***deRiRi-6Susaremasita._
   korehaNeTUToWa-6Kunoyou5na***no******wo******suru***ga******de,_
   *********na******ganakatUtakaradesu._

   mmap I6N6TaHue6-6Suno******ha,_4.3BSD no******no***mo***keraremasita._ 40
   ***wo***e5ru******to******GuRu-6Puga,_ Berkeley Software Architecture
   Manual [McKusick et al, 1994]
   ni******saretaA6-6KiTeKuTiYAno*********wo******suru******ni******si,_
   i5kutukano******hasono*********noI6N6TaHue6-6Suwo******simasita [Gingell
   et al, 1987]._

   sikasi,_matamoya*********na******niyori 4.3BSD heno mmap
   I6N6TaHue6-6Suno******ha******raremasita._ motiron5******no 4.3BSD
   ************SiSuTeMunisonoI6N6TaHue6-6Suwo***mi***mukotoha
   ******datUtanodesuga,_4.3BSD no************SiSuTeMuno******ha 10
   ******ku***nomonodea5tUtatame,_*********tatihasorewo***mi***manai5kotoni******sitanodesu._
   4.3BSD
   no************SiSuTeMuhaRo-6KaRuni******saretaDei6SuKu******ha******.6*********.6******de,_
   KoN6PiYU-6TanoMeMoRiha*********.6******dea5rutoi5u5******ni***dui5te******sareteo5ri,_
   sonotame,_sono******haMeMoRi*********wo******dekiru***warini
   ******naDei6SuKuA6KuSeSuwo******sitesimau5monodesita._ mata,_kono******ha
   VAX noMeMoRi******Ha-6DoU6e6A6ni***ku******surumonode,_
   ***noKoN6PiYU-6TaA6-6KiTeKuTiYAheno******ga******desita._
   ******nimou5***tu***ke***e5runara,_kono************SiSuTeMuha
   ************gasusumi******ninatUtekitei5ru*********MaRuTiPuRoSeTUSani
   ******suruyou5ni******saretei5nakatUtanodesu._

   ***i5************SiSuTeMuno******wo******siyou5toi5u5***miha,_
   masumasu******ga******dukeraretayou5ni***waremasita._
   sono******de,_******ni***sii5******ha*********MeMoRiwo******si,_
   Dei6SuKuhenoDe-6Ta******wo******si,_
   MaRuTiPuRoSeTUSade******surukotogadekiru******wo***tUtei5masita._
   sono******,_************SiSuTeMuha 4.4BSD
   de******ni***ki***e5rarerukotoninatUtanodesu._ 4.4BSD
   ************SiSuTeMuha Mach 2.0 VM SiSuTeMu [Tevanian, 1987]
   woBe-6Suni,_Mach 2.5 to Mach 2.0 no******wo***ri***retamonodesu._
   kono******ha,_
   MeMoRi******no******ga***ku******************to*********************gakirei5ni******saretei5te,_
   (******ha***waretei5masen5ga)
   MaRuTiPuRoSeTUSani******sitei5rutoi5u5******wo***tUtei5masu._
   ***PuRoSeSuha******noA6DoReSu******noa5rayuru******woHua6I6RuniMaTUPiN6Gusurukotogadeki,_
   ***i5ni******noHua6I6RuniA6DoReSu******woMaTUPiN6Gusurukotode,_
   PuRoSeSu***deA6DoReSu******no******wo******surukotoga******ninarimasita._
   ***tunoPuRoSeSuga***e5ta******ha***noPuRoSeSunoA6DoReSu******nimo******sare,_
   MaTUPiN6GusaretaHua6I6Ru******nimo***ki***maremasu._
   mata,_PuRoSeSuhaHua6I6RuwoPuRaI6Be-6ToMaTUPiN6Gusurukotomo******desu._
   PuRaI6Be-6ToMaTUPiN6Gutoha,_PuRoSeSuga***e5ta******ga,_
   sonoHua6I6RuwoMaTUPiN6Gusitei5ru***noPuRoSeSukara***e5nai5you5nisitari,_
   Hua6I6Ru******ni***ki***sarenai5you5nisurumonodesu._

   ************SiSuTeMuno***e5rumou5***tuno******ha,_
   SiSuTeMuKo-6Ruga******sareta***niKa-6NeRuni******wo***su******desu._
   4.4BSD deha,_***niPuRoSeSunoA6DoReSu******karaKa-6NeRu***noBaTUHua6ni
   De-6TawoKoPi-6sitei5masita._
   *********noDe-6Tawo******suru***mi***ki******ga******surukotowo***e5ruto,_
   konoKoPi-6no******niha******gakakaru*********gaa5rimasu._
   KoPi-6wo******surumou5***tuno******tosite,_
   PuRoSeSunoMeMoRiwoKa-6NeRu***ni***MaTUPiN6Gusuru******gaa5rimasu._ sikasi
   4.4BSD Ka-6NeRuha,_ ******no******kara***niDe-6TawoKoPi-6simasu._

     * hoton5dono******Yu-6ZaDe-6TahaPe-6Zi******niA6RaI6N6saretei5masen5si,_
       Ha-6DoU6e6A6Pe-6Zi***no******demoa5rimasen5._

     * sonoPe-6ZiwoPuRoSeSuga******sitesimau5to,_
       Ka-6NeRugaPe-6Ziwo******dekinakunatUtesimai5masu._
       PuRoGuRaMuno***niha,_Ka-6NeRu***noBaTUHua6ni
       ***karetaDe-6Taga***tUtei5rukotowo******sitei5rumonogaa5rimasu._

     * (******no 4.4BSD SeMaN6Tei6KuSude******nayou5ni)
       PuRoSeSugaPe-6ZinoKoPi-6wo***teru******,_
       sonoPe-6Ziha***zuKoPi-6O6N6RaI6To(copy-on-write) ninatUtei5masu._
       KoPi-6O6N6RaI6TonoPe-6Zitoha,_
       ***mi***mi******ni******surukotode***ki***mini***suru************wo*********sitaPe-6Zinokotodesu._
       PuRoSeSugasonoPe-6Ziwo******siyou5tosurutoKa-6NeRuha***ki***mi******wo******simasu._
       sono***Ka-6NeRuha,_PuRoSeSuga******dekiruyou5nisonoPe-6ZinoKoPi-6wo******simasu._
       ******nagara,_PuRoSeSuha******suguni******BaTUHua6ni***sii5De-6Tawo***kou5tosurutame,_
       ******De-6TanoKoPi-6ga******sitesimai5masu._

     * Pe-6Ziga***sii5******MeMoRiA6DoReSuni***MaTUPiN6Gusareru***,_
       hoton5donoMeMoRi******Ha-6DoU6e6A6deha,_
       Ha-6DoU6e6A6A6DoReSu******KiYATUSiYUno******wo******suru******gaa5rimasu._
       ***kuno******,_konoKiYATUSiYUno******ha******gakakarutame,_ 4 kara 8
       KiRoBaI6Toyori***sai5De-6TaBuRoTUKuni***siteha,_
       KoPi-6suruyorimo***MaTUPiN6Gusuru***ga*********ni***i5,_
       toi5u5******tonarimasu._

   MeMoRiMaTUPiN6Guno***mo***kina******ha,_ ******naHua6I6RuhenoA6KuSeSuto,_
   PuRoSeSu***no*********noDe-6Ta******toi5u5******ni***e5rukotodesu._ mmap
   I6N6TaHue6-6Suha,_
   ******no******woKoPi-6wo***nau5kotonaku******suru***tuno******wo******simasu._

  2.5.2. Ka-6NeRu******noMeMoRi******

   Ka-6NeRuha***tunoSiSuTeMuKo-6Runo***dake******tosareruMeMoRino***ri***tewo******ni***nai5masu._
   Yu-6ZaPuRoSeSudehao5soraku,_
   sonoyou5na************wareruMeMoRihaRaN6TaI6MuSuTaTUKuni***ri***terarerudesiyOu5._
   Ka-6NeRunoRaN6TaI6MuSuTaTUKuniha******gaa5rutame,_
   ***samenoMeMoRiBuRoTUKudatositemoSuTaTUKuniMeMoRiwo***ri***terukotohadekimasen5._
   sonotame,_
   sonoyou5naMeMoRihamotUto******na******wo***i5te***ri***teru******gaa5rimasu._
   tatoe5ba,_SiSuTeMugaPaSu***no******wo***nau5******,_
   PaSu***wo******surutameni 1
   KiRoBaI6TonoBaTUHua6wo***ri***teru******gaa5rimasu._
   sikasiMeMoRiBuRoTUKuha***tunoSiSuTeMuKo-6Ruyorimo
   ***ku******sitei5nakerebanaranai5tame,_
   SuTaTUKuni***kigaa5tUtatositemo,_sokoni***ri***terukotohadekinai5desiyOu5._
   kou5i5u5***no***tuni,_NeTUToWa-6Kuga******saretei5ru*********sitei5ru******gaa5ru
   PuRoToKoRu******BuRoTUKugaa5rimasu._

   Ka-6NeRu***no******naMeMoRi***ri***teni***suru******ha,_
   Sa-6BiSuga******sareruniturete******sitei5masu._
   ******noMeMoRiA6RoKe-6Tagaa5reba,_
   Ka-6NeRu******noKo-6Dowo***ku***no******sawo******surukotogadekimasu._
   sonotame 4.4BSD Ka-6NeRudeha,_SiSuTeMunoa5rayuru******de************na
   ******noMeMoRiA6RoKe-6Tawo***e5tei5masu._ koreha,_
   A6PuRiKe-6SiYON6PuRoGuRaMu***noMeMoRi***ri***kewo******surutameni C
   RaI6BuRaRiRu-6TiN6ni***maretei5ru malloc to free
   to******sitaI6N6TaHue6-6Suwo***tUtei5masu [McKusick & Karels, 1988]._
   kono***ri***keRu-6TiN6ha C RaI6BuRaRiI6N6TaHue6-6Suto******,_
   ******tosite******naMeMoRiSaI6Zuwo******simasu._
   ***ri***teruMeMoRiSaI6Zuno******haa5rimasen5ga,_
   ***ri***terarerunoha******MeMoRidea5ri,_Pe-6Zidehaa5rimasen5._
   MeMoRi******Ru-6TiN6ha******suruMeMoRihenoPoI6N6Tawo******nitorimasu._
   sono***,_******suruMeMoRiSaI6Zuwo******suru******haa5rimasen5._

2.6. I/O SiSuTeMu

   *********na UNIX no I/O SiSuTeMuMoDeRuha,_RaN6DaMuA6KuSeSuo5yobi
   Si-6KeN6SiYARuA6KuSeSuno******naBaI6To***desu._ ******no UNIX
   Yu-6Za-6PuRoSeSuniha,_ A6KuSeSuMeSoTUDo ya KoN6ToRo-6RuBuRoTUKu
   ha******simasen5._

   I/O nisamazamanaReBeRuno******wo******suruPuRoGuRaMuha******a5rimasuga,_
   Ka-6NeRuha I/O ni******wo***simasen5._
   tatoe5ba,_TeKiSuToHua6I6Ruha************ (ASCII LF ******) de******rareta
   ASCII ******no***no***maridesuga,_
   Ka-6NeRuhasonoyou5na******wo******simasen5._
   hoton5donoPuRoGuRaMunitotUte,_
   konoMoDeRuhaDe-6TaBaI6TonoSuToRi-6Mumosikuha I/O SuToRi-6Mu nisugimasen5._
   konoyou5na******noDe-6Ta******ga,_UNIX noTu-6RuBe-6SunoA6PuRo-6Ti
   (tool-based approach) wo******nisitei5runodesu[Kernighan & Pike, 1984]._
   a5ruPuRoGuRaMuno******SuToRi-6Muha,_***nohoton5donoPuRoGuRaMuno******
   SuToRi-6Mutositesonomama***e5ru***gadekimasu (konoyou5na*********na UNIX
   no I/O SuToRi-6Muwo,_Eighth Edition noSuToRi-6Mu I/O SiSuTeMuya,_ System V
   Release 3 no STREAMS to******subekidehaa5rimasen5ga,_
   dotiranoSuToRi-6Mumo*********na I/O
   SuToRi-6Muto***ziyou5niA6KuSeSusurukotoga******desu)._

  2.6.1. *********to I/O

   UNIX noPuRoSeSuha,_I/O SuToRi-6Muwo******surunoni
   *********(descriptor)wo******simasu._ *********ha open mataha socket
   SiSuTeMuKo-6Runiyori******sareru*********sino***sana******desu._
   openSiSuTeMuKo-6Ruha,_ ******niHua6I6Ru***o5yobi******Mo-6Dowotori,_
   sorezore***kuHua6I6Ruo5yobi,_Mo-6Do
   (***mi***mi,_***ki***mimataha***mi***ki) wo******simasu._ open
   SiSuTeMuKo-6Ruha,_***sii5***noHua6I6Runo******nimo******dekimasu._
   reado5yobi writeSiSuTeMuKo-6Ruwo*********ni***site******si,_
   De-6Tano******wo***i5masu._
   closeSiSuTeMuKo-6Ruha,_******no*********wo******simasu._

   *********ha,_Ka-6NeRudeSaPo-6TosareruO6BuZie6KuTowo***simasu._ 4.4BSD
   deha,_Hua6I6Ru,_PaI6Pu,_SoKeTUTono 3 tunoO6BuZie6KuTowo
   ***sukotogadekimasu._

     * Hua6I6Ruha,_***nakutomo 1 ***no******wo***tuBaI6To***desu._
       Hua6I6Ruha,_subeteno******wo*********ni******si,_
       sono*********wo***tusubetenoPuRoSeSuga******surumade******simasu._
       PuRoSeSuha,_open SiSuTeMuKo-6Runiyori,_
       ******saretaHua6I6Ru***wo***tuHua6I6RunoHua6I6Ru*********wo******simasu._
       I/O DeBaI6SuhaHua6I6RutositeA6KuSeSusaremasu._

     * PaI6Putoha,_ Hua6I6Ruto***zikuBaI6To***desuga I/O
       SuToRi-6Mutositenomi***ware,_************ninomi***waremasu._
       PaI6Puniha******ganai5node,_open
       SiSuTeMuKo-6Rudeha***kukotogadekimasen5._ PaI6Puwo***kuniha,_pipe
       SiSuTeMuKo-6Ruwo******simasu._ pipeSiSuTeMuKo-6Ruha 2
       tuno*********wo***simasu._ hitotuno*********ni******saretaDe-6Taha,_
       mou5******no*********nisonomama******wo***e5zuni******saremasu._
       *********kiPaI6Pu (FIFO) mo******dekimasu._
       ******gaa5runodeHua6I6RuSiSuTeMu***ni******sare,_ open
       SiSuTeMuKo-6RudeA6KuSeSudekiru******ha,_
       PaI6Puto******no******wo***timasu._ FIFO
       wo******sitePuRoSeSu*********wo***i5tai5******ha,_ ******noPuRoSeSuga
       FIFO wo***ki***mi***ni***ki,_ mou5******deha***mi***mi***ni***kimasu._

     * SoKeTUToha,_ PuRoSeSu*********notameni******sareruO6BuZie6KuTode,_
       SoKeTUTowo******suru*********wo***tuPuRoSeSuga******suru***nomi******simasu._
       SoKeTUToha socket SiSuTeMuKo-6Rude******simasu._ socket
       SiSuTeMuKo-6Ruha,_ ******sitaSoKeTUTono*********wo***simasu._
       samazamana************wo******surutameni,_
       ******noSoKeTUTogaa5rimasu._
       tatoe5ba,_*********no***i5De-6Ta******wo******tositaSoKeTUTo,_
       MeTUSe-6Zino******wo******suruSoKeTUTo,_
       MeTUSe-6Zino******wo******suruSoKeTUTonadogaa5rimasu._

   4.2BSD deSoKeTUToga******sarerumade,_
   PaI6PuhaHua6I6RuSiSuTeMuwo***i5te******saretei5masita._ 4.2BSD
   ******deha,_SoKeTUTowo******site******saretei5masu._

   Ka-6NeRuhasorezorenoPuRoSeSuno*********Te-6BuRuwo******siteo5ri,_
   *********no************wo************ni******surutameni***i5raremasu
   (*********sonomonohakonoTe-6BuRuhenoI6N6DeTUKuSu***nisugimasen5)._
   *********Te-6BuRuha,_***PuRoSeSukara***PuRoSeSuni******saremasu._
   sonotame,_*********no*********mo***ziku******saremasu._
   *********wo***rutameniha,_O6BuZie6KuTowo***i5tari,_
   ******sitarisuru******ni,_
   konoyou5na***PuRoSeSukarano******niyoru******gaa5rimasu._ mata IPC
   SoKeTUTowo******sureba,_
   ******MaSiN6***de******sitei5ru*********naPuRoSeSu***de,_
   *********noyaritoriga******desu._

   subeteno******na*********ha,_ O6BuZie6KuTono******karano******wo
   Hua6I6RuO6HuSeTUTo tositeBaI6To******de******sitei5masu._
   ***mi***mio5yobi***ki***mi******ha,_ konoO6HuSeTUTo******kara***ware,_
   De-6Taga******sareru***niO6HuSeTUTono******ha******saremasu._
   RaN6DaMuA6KuSeSuwo******sitei5ruO6BuZie6KuTono******,_
   Hua6I6RuO6HuSeTUToha,_lseek
   SiSuTeMuKo-6Ruwo******site******surukotomodekimasu._
   ******noHua6I6Ruyaa5ru***noDeBaI6SuhaRaN6DaMuA6KuSeSu******desu._
   PaI6Pu,_SoKeTUTohaRaN6DaMuA6KuSeSudekimasen5._

   PuRoSeSuga******suruto,_
   Ka-6NeRuhasonoPuRoSeSuni******saretei5tasubeteno*********wo******simasu._
   PuRoSeSugaO6BuZie6KuToheno******wo******sitamama******sita******ha,_
   O6BuZie6KuToMaNe-6ZiYAni******si,_Hua6I6Runo******,_
   SoKeTUTono******nadono******naKuRi-6N6A6TUPuwo***wasemasu._

  2.6.2. *********no******

   hoton5dono******,_PuRoSeSuga******sareruto,_ 3
   tuno*********gasudeni***karetei5masu._ sorerano*********ha,_0,_1,_2
   de,_sorezore*********niha,_ ************,_ ************,_
   ******E6Ra-6****** tosite***raretei5masu._ ******korerano*********ha,_
   RoGuI6N6PuRoSeSuniyoriYu-6Zano******ni***ri***teraretei5masu (14.6
   *********)._sunawati,_Ki-6Bo-6Dokarano******wo************tosite***ke***ri,_
   ************heno******ha******no******ni******saremasu._
   ******E6Ra-6******moE6Ra-6*********ni***ki***mi***ni***karetei5masuga,_
   ******no******niha************ga******saremasu._

   korerano*********wo (***no*********mo)
   ************noO6BuZie6KuToni***ri***terukotomo******desu._
   konoyou5na***ri***tewo,_ I/O RiDaI6ReKuToto***bimasu._
   subeteno******Sie6Rudeha,_Yu-6Zaga I/O RiDaI6ReKuTowo***u5kotogadekimasu._
   ********* 1 (************) wo***zi,_ ******sitaHua6I6Ruwo********* 1
   tosite***kukotode,_ Sie6Ruha******woHua6I6Runi***rukotogadekimasu._
   ******ni,_********* 0 wo***zi,_ ******sitaHua6I6Ruwo***kukotode,_
   Hua6I6Rukara************wo***ke***ruyou5nidekimasu._

   PaI6Puha,_PuRoGuRaMuno******womatUtaku***wazu
   (***RiN6Kumo******a5rimasen5),_a5ruPuRoGuRaMuno******wo
   ***noPuRoGuRaMuni******surukotowo******nisimasu._
   *********noPuRoGuRaMuno********* 1 (************)
   ha,_************no***wariniPaI6Puno***************ni***ri***teraremasu._
   ******ni*********noPuRoGuRaMuno********* 0 (************) ha,_
   ******karanoKi-6Bo-6Do******dehanakuPaI6Puno***************ni***ri***teraremasu._

   open,_ pipe,_ socket SiSuTeMuKo-6Ruha,_***sii5*********wo******si,_
   ******dekiru***mo***sai5******wo***ri***temasu._
   PaI6Puwo******saserutameniha,_sonoyou5ni******sareta*********wo 0 ya 1
   niMaTUPusuru******miga******ninarimasu._ dup SiSuTeMuKo-6Ruha,_
   ******noHua6I6RuTe-6BuRuE6N6ToRiwo***su*********noKoPi-6wo******simasu._
   ***sii5*********mo***ziku************na******no******ga***warerutame,_
   dupSiSuTeMuKo-6Ruwo******site,_ ******naMaTUPuwo***e5masu._
   tada,_********* 1 ga******na******demo,_********* 0
   ga***ni***ziraretei5ruto,_ ********* 0
   ga***ri***teraretesimai5masunode******ga******desu._
   kono******wo***kerutame,_ dup2 SiSuTeMuKo-6Rugaa5rimasu._ dup ni******ga 1
   tu******sare,_ ***ri***tetai5*********no******wo******surukotogadekimasu
   (mosi,_******sareta******no*********ga*********no******,_ dup2
   ha,_mazusono*********wo***zitanoti,_ ******ri***tesimasu)._

  2.6.3. DeBaI6Su

   Ha-6DoU6e6A6DeBaI6SuhaHua6I6Ru***wo***ti,_******noHua6I6Ruto
   ******noSiSuTeMuKo-6RudeA6KuSeSudekimasu._Ka-6NeRuha,_
   DeBaI6Su******Hua6I6Ru ya ******Hua6I6Ruwo******si,_
   ******sitei5ruDeBaI6Suwo******dekimasuga,_
   hoton5donoPuRoSeSunitotUte,_konoyou5na******ha******a5rimasen5._
   ******,_PuRiN6Ta,_Te-6PuDeBaI6Suha,_4.4BSD noDei6SuKuHua6I6Ruto******,_
   BaI6To***tositeA6KuSeSusaremasu._sonotame,_DeBaI6Su************ya************ha,_
   ******na***riKa-6NeRuni******sare,_saraniKa-6NeRu***demo,_
   sorerano*********gaDeBaI6SuDoRaI6Ba***ni******saretei5masu._

   Ha-6DoU6e6A6DeBaI6Suha,_ ******wo***tuDeBaI6Suto
   ******wo***tanai5DeBaI6Suni***keraremasu._ sorezore,_ BuRoTUKuDeBaI6Su,_
   KiYARaKuTaDeBaI6Suto***baremasu._
   soreranoDeBaI6SuHua6I6RuhenoA6KuSeSuha,_Ka-6NeRu***no DeBaI6SuDoRaI6Ba
   to***bareruSoHuToU6e6A6MoZiYU-6RuniyotUte******saremasu._
   hoton5donoNeTUToWa-6Ku******Ha-6DoU6e6A6DeBaI6Suha,_
   Hua6I6RuSiSuTeMu***ni******Hua6I6Ruwo***tazu,_
   PuRoSeSu***************niyotUtenomiA6KuSeSudekimasu._
   soreha,_raw-socketno***ga******Hua6I6Ruyori,_
   yori******naI6N6TaHue6-6Suwo******dekirutamedesu._

   *********naBuRoTUKuDeBaI6Su (******wo***tuDeBaI6Su) tositeha,_
   Dei6SuKu,_******Te-6Pugaa5geraremasuga,_
   hoton5donoRaN6DaMuA6KuSeSuDeBaI6Sugasoreni******simasu._
   Ka-6NeRuha,_***mi***mi-******-***ki***mini***siteBaTUHua6RiN6Guwo******si,_
   ******Hua6I6Ruto******no,_
   ******naBaI6ToA6DoReSu******noRaN6DaMuA6KuSeSuwo******simasu._
   Hua6I6RuSiSuTeMuha,_BuRoTUKuDeBaI6Su***ni******saremasu._

   ******wo***tanai5DeBaI6Suha,_
   BuRoTUKu******woSaPo-6Tosinai5DeBaI6Sude,_*********,_RaSuTaPuRoTUTa,_
   BaTUHua6nonai5******Dei6SuKuyaTe-6Punadodesu._
   ******wo***tanai5DeBaI6Suha******,_ *********noBuRoTUKu I/O
   ******woSaPo-6Tosimasu._

   ******wo***tanai5Hua6I6RuhaKiYARaKuTaDeBaI6Suto***baremasu._
   koreha******ni******saretakono******noDeBaI6Suga,_
   ******DeBaI6SuDoRaI6BadatUtakaradesu._
   konoyou5naDeBaI6Suni***suruKa-6NeRunoI6N6TaHue6-6Suha,_
   ***noBuRoTUKu******wo***tanai5DeBaI6Suni***sitemo******dea5rukotoga******saremasita._

   DeBaI6Su******Hua6I6Ruha,_ mknodSiSuTeMuKo-6Runiyori******saremasu._
   ioctlSiSuTeMuKo-6Ruha,_
   ******Hua6I6Runi******suruDeBaI6SunoPaRaMe-6Tawo******surunoni***waremasu._
   konoSiSuTeMuKo-6Ruha,_***noSiSuTeMuKo-6Runi***tana******wo******sezuni,_
   DeBaI6Suno******na******wo******surukotowo******nisimasu._
   tatoe5ba,_ioctlwo******site,_
   ******Ma-6KuwoTe-6PuDeBaI6Suni***ki***mukotogadekimasu._ write
   ni******wo***e5tari,_ ******naBa-6ZiYON6wo******suru******haa5rimasen5._

  2.6.4. SoKeTUTo IPC

   4.2BSD Ka-6NeRuhaSoKeTUTowo******site,_PaI6Puyori******na IPC
   ******wo******simasita._SoKeTUToha,_Hua6I6RuyaPaI6Puto******,_
   *********niyori******sareru,_******no*********desu._ 2
   tunoPuRoSeSugasorezore,_SoKeTUTowo******site******surukotoniyori,_
   *********no***i5BaI6ToSuToRi-6Muwo******dekimasu._
   ******sarereba,_sorezorenoPuRoSeSuha,_PaI6Puto***ziyou5ni,_
   ***mi***mi***ki***miwoSoKeTUToni***site***e5masu._
   SoKeTUTono*********niyori,_Ka-6NeRuhaPuRoSeSuno******wo,_
   ***noMaSiN6***noPuRoSeSuno******ni***rukotomo******desu._
   PaI6PutoSoKeTUTono***kina***i5ha,_
   PaI6Puha******no***PuRoSeSuga******suru******gaa5runoni***site,_
   SoKeTUTohamatUtaku*********no (***naruMaSiN6***de******suru)
   PuRoSeSu***demo******dekiru***desu._

   System V ha,_FIFO mosikuha*********kiPaI6Puto***bareru
   Ro-6KaRuPuRoSeSu*********no******miwo***e5tei5masu._ FIFO
   haHua6I6RuSiSuTeMu***noO6BuZie6KuTotosite***ware,_
   PaI6Puto******na******deO6-6PuN6si,_De-6Tawo***rukotogadekimasu._
   sonotame,_FIFO ha******no***PuRoSeSuniyotUte******sareru******hanaku,_
   PuRoSeSu******ga******si************sitekara******surukotoga******desu._
   sikasiSoKeTUTotoha***nari,_
   ***naruMaSiN6***de******suruPuRoSeSuni***siteha******dekimasen5._ 4.4BSD
   de,_FIFO ga******saretei5runoha,_ POSIX.1 ******ni******surutamenomidesu._
   FIFO no******ha,_SoKeTUTono******no******ninatUtei5masu._

   SoKeTUTo******wo******suruniha,_ *********na UNIX no I/O
   SiSuTeMuKo-6Runi*********keya************wo******suru******gaa5rimasita._
   *********ha,_******noI6N6TaHue6-6Suheno******ha******noSiSuTeMuKo-6Ruga******nasini******dekiru******nitodome,_
   ************wo***u5***sii5I6N6TaHue6-6Suwo******simasita._
   BaI6ToSuToRi-6Mu***no******no***mi***mi***ki***miwo***u5 readto write
   SiSuTeMuKo-6Runi***e5,_
   NeTUToWa-6KuDaI6A6GuRaMunoyou5na*********kiMeTUSe-6Ziwo***mi***mutame,_
   ***tani 6 tunoSiSuTeMuKo-6Ruga******saremasita._ MeTUSe-6Zi***ki***mi***no
   send,_ sendto,_ sendmsg SiSuTeMuKo-6Ruto,_ MeTUSe-6Zino***mi***mi***no
   recv,_ recvfrom,_ recvmsg SiSuTeMuKo-6Rudesu._ ***e5***site***ruto,_
   sorezoreno***mi***ki***noSiSuTeMuKo-6Runou5ti******no 2
   tuha***noSiSuTeMuKo-6Runo******na******dea5runode,_ recvfrom to sendto
   SiSuTeMuKo-6Ruha,_sorezore recvmsg to sendmsg
   noRaI6BuRaRiI6N6TaHue6-6Sutosi te******subekidatUtakamo***remasen5._

  2.6.5. Scatter/Gather I/O

   ******no read o5yobi write SiSuTeMuKo-6Runi***e5,_ 4.2BSD de
   scatter/gather I/O ******ga******saremasita._ scatter ******ha readv
   SiSuTeMuKo-6RuniyotUte***ware,_
   ******no***naruBaTUHua6ni***site******no***mi***miwo******dekimasu._ ***ni
   writev
   SiSuTeMuKo-6Ruha,_******no***naruBaTUHua6ni***siteA6ToMiTUKuna***ki***miwo******dekimasu._
   read ya write niyotUte***wareruyou5ni,_
   ******noBaTUHua6to***sawoPaRaMe-6Tatosite***su***warini,_
   BaTUHua6to***sano******henoPoI6N6TatosonoSaI6Zuwo***simasu._

   kono******niyori,_
   PuRoSeSuA6DoReSu******no***naru******nia5ruBaTUHua6ni***siteA6ToMiTUKuna******no***ki***miwo***e5,_
   ******suruBaTUHua6niKoPi-6suru******moa5rimasen5._
   Te-6PuDeBaI6Sunoyou5ni,_sorezoreno******ni***si,_
   Te-6PuBuRoTUKuwo******wosuru******gaa5ruyou5naReKo-6DoBe-6SunoDeBaI6Suwo*********sita******,_
   A6ToMiTUKuna***ki***miga******ninarimasu._
   mata,_******no***mi***miRiKuE6SuTode******noBaTUHua6ni***mi***merunoha******ni******desu
   (tatoe5baReKo-6DoHeTUDatoDe-6Tawosorezore***noBaTUHua6ni***mi***mu******nado)._
   motiron5******no***kinaBaTUHua6niDe-6Tawo***mi***mi,_
   ***mi***n5daDe-6Tawo******na******ni******surukotode scatter
   ******woSiMiYURe-6Tosurukotoha******desu._
   tadasi,_konoyou5naMeMoRi***noKoPi-6noKoSuToha,_
   A6PuRiKe-6SiYON6no******ni******na******wo 2
   *********nisitesimau5kotomo***kua5rimasu._

   send to recv gasorezore,_ sendto to recvfrom
   noRaI6BuRaRiI6N6TaHue6-6Sutosite************dea5tUtanoto***ziku,_ read to
   write wosorezore,_ readv to writev
   noRaI6BuRaRiI6N6TaHue6-6Sutosite******mo******dea5tUtadesiyOu5._ sikasi,_
   read to write hayori******ni***warerutame,_
   SiMiYURe-6Tosurutameno******KoSuTowo***e5ruto
   RaI6BuRaRiI6N6TaHue6-6Sutositeno******ha***ni***wanakatUtadesiyOu5._

  2.6.6. ******noHua6I6RuSiSuTeMunoSaPo-6To

   NeTUToWa-6KuKoN6PiYU-6Tei6N6Guno******niyori,_
   Ro-6KaRuo5yobiRiMo-6ToHua6I6RuSiSuTeMuheno******ga***mareruyou5ninarimasita._
   ******noHua6I6RuSiSuTeMunoSaPo-6Towo******nisurutameni,_ *********ha vnode
   I6N6TaHue6-6SuwoKa-6NeRuni******simasita._ vnode
   I6N6TaHue6-6Sukara******sareru******ha,_
   ******niRo-6KaRuHua6I6RuSiSuTeMudeSaPo-6Tosaretei5taHua6I6RuSiSuTeMu******tohobo***zidesuga,_
   ******i5Hua6I6RuSiSuTeMuniyori******gadekiruyou5ninatUtei5masu._

     * Ro-6KaRunoDei6SuKuHua6I6RuSiSuTeMu

     * ******RiMo-6ToHua6I6RuSiSuTeMuPuRoToKoRuniyoriI6N6Po-6TosaretaHua6I6Ru

     * ***mi***mi****** CD-ROM Hua6I6RuSiSuTeMu

     * ************wo******suruHua6I6RuSiSuTeMu._ tatoe5ba /proc
       Hua6I6RuSiSuTeMunado

   4.4BSD ******no OS no***niha FreeBSD noyou5ni,_ mount
   deHua6I6RuSiSuTeMuga***mete******sareta***niHua6I6RuSiSuTeMuwo******ni***mi***mukotoga
   dekirumonomoa5rimasu._ vnode I6N6TaHue6-6Sunitui5teha 6.5 ***,_
   ******SaPo-6ToRu-6TiN6nitui5teha 6.6 ***,_
   ************Hua6I6RuSiSuTeMunitui5teha 6.7 ***ni******saretei5masu._

2.7. Hua6I6RuSiSuTeMu

   ******Hua6I6Rutoha*********noBaI6To***dea5ri,_
   ******no******kara***mi***mi.6***ki***miga******desu._
   Ka-6NeRuha,_Hua6I6RunoReKo-6Do******wo******simasen5ga,_
   ***kunoPuRoGuRaMuha ****** (LF) ******wo***no***rito******simasu._
   matakoretoha***naruHua6I6Ru******wo******suruA6PuRiKe-6SiYON6moa5rimasu._
   Hua6I6Ru******niha,_Hua6I6Runi***suruSiSuTeMu******hamatUtaku***maremasen5._
   ***Hua6I6RunoHua6I6Ru*********,_************,_
   ************nadonoi5kutukano******haHua6I6RudehanakuHua6I6RuSiSuTeMuga******sitei5masu._

   Hua6I6Ru***ha****** 255 ******madeno*********desu._
   Hua6I6Ru***haDei6ReKuToRi to***bareru***noHua6I6Runi******saremasu._
   Dei6ReKuToRini***mareruHua6I6Runo******haDei6ReKuToRiE6N6ToRito***bare,_
   Hua6I6Ru*********niHua6I6RusonomonohenoPoI6N6Tamo***mimasu._
   Dei6ReKuToRiE6N6ToRiniha******noHua6I6Ru******ni,_
   ***noDei6ReKuToRiwo******suruE6N6ToRiga***maremasu._
   konoyou5nisiteDei6ReKuToRitoHua6I6Runiyoru******ga******rare,_
   sono************woHua6I6RuSiSuTeMuto***bimasu._

   ***2.2 *********naHua6I6RuSiSuTeMu
   *********naHua6I6RuSiSuTeMuTuRi-6

   ***2.2<'*********naHua6I6RuSiSuTeMu>'ha*********naHua6I6RuSiSuTeMuno******desu._
   Dei6ReKuToRihaSaBuDei6ReKuToRiwo***mukotogadeki,_
   ***re***no***saniha***ni******haa5rimasen5._
   Hua6I6RuSiSuTeMuno*********wo***tutame,_
   Ka-6NeRuhaPuRoSeSuga******Dei6ReKuToRihe***ki***mukotowo******sitei5masu._
   Hua6I6RuSiSuTeMuniha,_******Hua6I6Ru,_Dei6ReKuToRi******ni,_
   DeBaI6SuHua6I6RuyaSoKeTUTonadono***noO6BuZie6KuToheno******mo***maremasu._

   Hua6I6RuSiSuTeMuha,_ Ru-6ToDei6ReKuToRi
   wo******tosuru*********wo***tUtei5masu._ Ru-6ToDei6ReKuToRiha,_ SuRaTUSiYU
   to***bareru******moa5ri,_************(/)de***saremasu._
   Ru-6ToDei6ReKuToRinihaHua6I6Ruga***maremasu._ *** 2.2 no***deha,_ usr
   Dei6ReKuToRiga***mare,_sono usr Dei6ReKuToRiniha,_ bin
   Dei6ReKuToRiga***maremasu._ bin Dei6ReKuToRiniha,_****** ls ya vi
   wohazimetosuru,_PuRoGuRaMuno************Ko-6Doga***maremasu._

   PuRoSeSuha,_Hua6I6Runo******woPaSu***niyotUte***i5masu._ PaSu***ha,_0
   *********noHua6I6Ru***wo************(/)de******tUta*********desu._
   Ka-6NeRuhaPaSu***wo******surutame,_sorezorenoPuRoSeSuni 2
   tunoPaSu***wo*********kemasu._ PuRoSeSunoRu-6ToDei6ReKuToRiha,_
   PuRoSeSugaA6KuSeSudekiruHua6I6RuSiSuTeMu***de***mo******no***desu._
   ******,_konoRu-6ToDei6ReKuToRiha,_
   Hua6I6RuSiSuTeMu******noRu-6ToDei6ReKuToRini******saremasu._ ************
   (/) dehazimaruPaSu***ha******PaSu***to***bare,_
   Ka-6NeRuha,_sonoPaSu***gaPuRoSeSunoRu-6ToDei6ReKuToRikara
   ******surumonoto******simasu._

   ************ (/) dehazimaranai5PaSu***ha******PaSu***to***bare,_
   PuRoSeSunoKaReN6To******Dei6ReKuToRiwo******tosita*********naPaSutosite******saremasu
   (konoDei6ReKuToRiha,_******site KaReN6ToDei6ReKuToRi mataha,_
   ******Dei6ReKuToRi tomo***baremasu)._ KaReN6ToDei6ReKuToRisonomonoha,_
   DoTUTo tomo***bare,_1 tunoPiRiO6Do (.) de***saremasu._ Hua6I6Ru***
   DoTUToDoTUTo (..) ha,_ Dei6ReKuToRino***Dei6ReKuToRiwo***simasu._
   Ru-6ToDei6ReKuToRino***Dei6ReKuToRihaRu-6ToDei6ReKuToRi******desu._

   chroot SiSuTeMuKo-6Runiyori,_PuRoSeSunoRu-6ToDei6ReKuToRiwo,_ chdir
   SiSuTeMuKo-6Runiyori,_KaReN6ToDei6ReKuToRiwo******dekimasu._ chdir
   hai5tudemo***e5masuga,_ chroot
   no******ha,_***************wo***tuPuRoSeSuni***raremasu._ chroot
   ha******,_SiSuTeMuni***suruA6KuSeSu******wo***sutameni***i5raremasu._

   *** 2.2 noHua6I6RuSiSuTeMunio5i5te,_PuRoSeSunoRu-6ToDei6ReKuToRi
   gaHua6I6RuSiSuTeMunoRu-6ToDei6ReKuToRide,_KaReN6ToDei6ReKuToRiga /usr
   dea5tUtatosimasu._konotoki,_ vi wo******suruniha,_******PaSuwo***i5te,_
   /usr/bin/vi
   tomo***kemasusi,_KaReN6ToDei6ReKuToRikarano******PaSuwo***i5te,_ bin/vi
   tomo***kemasu._

   SiSuTeMunoYu-6Tei6RiTei6yaDe-6TaBe-6Suha,_
   yoku***raretaa5ru***matUtaDei6ReKuToRini******saremasu._
   Hua6I6RuSiSuTeMuno************tositeyoku***raretamononi,_
   ****_noYu-6ZanoHo-6MuDei6ReKuToRigaa5rimasu._ tatoe5ba,_*** 2.2 no
   /usr/staff/mckusick ya /usr/staff/karels nadodesu._
   Yu-6ZagaRoGuI6N6suruto,_
   Sie6RunoKaReN6ToDei6ReKuToRihaHo-6MuDei6ReKuToRini******saremasu._
   Yu-6ZahaHo-6MuDei6ReKuToRi***de******Hua6I6Runo******to******niDei6ReKuToRimo******dekirutame,_
   ******na************wo******surukotomo******desu._

   Yu-6ZakarahaHua6I6RuSiSuTeMuga 1 tuni***e5masuga,_ SiSuTeMuha 1
   tuno******Hua6I6RuSiSuTeMuga,_
   ******niha***naruDeBaI6Su***no******no******Hua6I6RuSiSuTeMukara******saretei5rukotowo******sitei5masu._
   ******Hua6I6RuSiSuTeMuha,_***natUtaDeBaI6Sunimatagarukotohadekimasen5._
   hoton5dono******,_******Dei6SuKuDeBaI6Suha******no******DeBaI6Suni******sarerutame,_
   1
   tuno******DeBaI6Su***ni******noHua6I6RuSiSuTeMuwo******surukotomodekimasu._
   subeteno******PaSu***wo******dekiruHua6I6RuSiSuTeMuwo
   Ru-6ToHua6I6RuSiSuTeMuto***bi,_ ***ni************na******ninatUtei5masu._
   ***noHua6I6RuSiSuTeMuha,_MaU6N6Tosurukotogadekimasu._
   MaU6N6Totoha,_Ru-6ToHua6I6RuSiSuTeMunoDei6ReKuToRi******no******tosite******suru******desu._
   Hua6I6RuSiSuTeMuniMaU6N6TosaretaDei6ReKuToRino******ha,_
   sonoMaU6N6TosaretaHua6I6RuSiSuTeMunoRu-6ToDei6ReKuToRino******heto
   Ka-6NeRuniyotUte*********ni******saremasu._

   link SiSuTeMuKo-6Ruha,_******noHua6I6Ru***ni,_******wo***e5masu._
   RiN6Kuga******suruto,_
   Hua6I6RuhadotiranoHua6I6Ru***karademoA6KuSeSudekiruyou5ninarimasu._
   Hua6I6Ru***ha unlink SiSuTeMuKo-6Runiyori******dekimasu._
   Hua6I6Ruwo******sitei5ta******no******ga******sareruto
   (saraniHua6I6Ruwo***i5tei5ta******noPuRoSeSugaHua6I6Ruwo***ziruto)
   Hua6I6Rusonomonomo******saremasu._

   Hua6I6RuhaDei6ReKuToRi***de************wo***tUte******saremasu._
   Dei6ReKuToRisonomonomo******noHua6I6Rudesuga,_
   Dei6ReKuToRiha******noHua6I6Ruto***nari,_
   SiSuTeMuniyotUte***merareta******wo***tUtei5masu._
   Dei6ReKuToRiha******noHua6I6Ruto***zikuPuRoSeSukara***mi***mukotoga******desuga,_
   Dei6ReKuToRini******wo***e5rarerunohaKa-6NeRudakedesu._ Dei6ReKuToRiha
   mkdir SiSuTeMuKo-6Rude******si,_ rmdir SiSuTeMuKo-6Rude******simasu._
   4.2BSD ******noSiSuTeMunio5keru mkdir to rmdir SiSuTeMuKo-6Ruha,_******no
   link,_unlink SiSuTeMuKo-6Runo******tosite******saretei5masita._
   *********niDei6ReKuToRino******,_
   ******wo***u5SiSuTeMuKo-6Ruwo***tani******sita******ha,_3 tua5rimasu._

    1. A6ToMiTUKuna******wo******nisurutame._ link
       SiSuTeMuKo-6Runiyoru******no******to***nari,_
       SiSuTeMugaKuRaTUSiYUsita******ni
       Dei6ReKuToRino******ga************namamaninarukotogaa5rimasen5._

    2. NeTUToWa-6KuHua6I6RuSiSuTeMuwo******sitei5ru******niha SiRiA6RaI6Zu
       (************no******)
       wo***u5tame,_Hua6I6Ruo5yobiDei6ReKuToRino******,_
       ******haA6ToMiTUKuni***wareru******gaa5rimasu._

    3. UNIX ******noHua6I6RuSiSuTeMu (***noPa-6Tei6SiYON6***no MS-DOS
       Hua6I6RuSiSuTeMunado) woSaPo-6Tosuru******,_ sonoHua6I6RuSiSuTeMuga
       link SiSuTeMuKo-6RuwoSaPo-6Tosinai5*********gaa5rimasu._
       tatoe5soregaDei6ReKuToRiwoSaPo-6TosuruHua6I6RuSiSuTeMudea5tUtemo,_
       UNIX Hua6I6RuSiSuTeMutoha***nari,_Dei6ReKuToRiwoRiN6Kutosite******,_
       ******sinai5monomoa5rimasu._ sonotamesonoyou5naHua6I6RuSiSuTeMudeha,_
       Dei6ReKuToRino******,_******ha,_
       *********ni******sarenai5***ri***waremasen5._

   chown SiSuTeMuKo-6RuhaHua6I6Runo*********toGuRu-6Puwo******simasu._ chmod
   SiSuTeMuKo-6Ruha,_Hua6I6Runo******Mo-6Dowo******simasu._
   koreranoHua6I6Runo******ha,_ stat
   SiSuTeMuKo-6RuwoHua6I6Ru***ni***si******surukotode***mi***sukotogadekimasu._
   fchown,_ fchmod,_ fstat
   SiSuTeMuKo-6Ruha,_******na******woHua6I6Ru***dehanakuHua6I6Ru*********ni***site***i5masu._
   rename
   SiSuTeMuKo-6Ruha,_Hua6I6Runi***sii5******wotukete***i5******wo******simasu._
   Dei6ReKuToRi******.6************to***ziyou5ni,_ rename
   SiSuTeMuKo-6RuhaRo-6KaRuHua6I6RuSiSuTeMuno******************woA6ToMiTUKunisurutame
   4.2BSD de******saremasita._ ***ni,_kono******haNeTUToWa-6Ku***no*** UNIX
   Hua6I6RuSiSuTeMuni***site******************wo***u5******ni******dea5rukotogawakarimasita._

   truncateha,_ 4.2BSD
   de******saretaHua6I6Ruwo******no***sani***ri***meruSiSuTeMuKo-6Rudesu._
   konoSiSuTeMuKo-6Ru******no***na******ha
   RaN6DaMuA6KuSeSuHua6I6Runo******woPuRoGuRaMuga******niA6KuSeSusita******ni******suru,_
   toi5u5******wo***tu Fortran RaN6TaI6MuRaI6BuRaRinoSaPo-6Todesita._
   truncate SiSuTeMuKo-6Ruwo******sinai5******,_
   Hua6I6Runo***sawo***meru******no******ha******na******woKoPi-6sitaHua6I6Ruwo******si,_
   ***noHua6I6Ruwo******sita***niKoPi-6sitaHua6I6RuwoRiNe-6Musuru******desu._
   konoA6RuGoRiZuMuha***i5dakedenaku,_
   ***ki******no***nai5Hua6I6RuSiSuTeMudeha******suru*********gaa5rimasu._

   Hua6I6RuSiSuTeMuniHua6I6Ruwo***meru******ga******sareruto,_
   sorehaKa-6NeRuga***kina***noDei6ReKuToRiwo***sakusuru******ni******suruyou5ninarimasita._
   ***noDei6ReKuToRiwo******suruto,_ Hua6I6Runo******,_
   *********niKa-6NeRugaHua6I6Ruwo******suru******wo******dekirutoi5u5******gaa5rimasu._

   ******ni******saretaHua6I6Runiha,_
   ******sitaPuRoSeSunoYu-6Za*********to******ga***waretaDei6ReKuToRinoGuRu-6Pu*********wo***e5raremasu._
   Hua6I6Runo*********ni 3 ReBeRunoA6KuSeSu************ga******saretei5masu._
   kono 3 ReBeRunoHua6I6RuA6KuSeSu******ha

    1. Hua6I6Ruwo******sitei5ruYu-6Za

    2. Hua6I6Ruwo******sitei5ruGuRu-6Pu

    3. ***nosubete

   ni***site******surukotogadekimasu._ sorezorenoA6KuSeSuReBeRuha,_sarani
   ***mi***ri******,_***ki***mi******,_************ni***keraretei5masu._

   Hua6I6Ruha*********ni***saga 0 dea5ri,_
   ***ki***misareruniturete***kunatUtei5kimasu._
   SiSuTeMuhaHua6I6Ruga***kareruto,_
   ******suru*********no************wo******suruPoI6N6Tawo******simasu._
   konoPoI6N6TahaHua6I6Ru***woRaN6DaMuA6KuSeSusuruyou5ni***kasukotoga******desu._
   fork ya dup
   SiSuTeMuKo-6RuniyoriHua6I6Ru*********wo******suruPuRoSeSu***deha,_
   kono************PoI6N6Taha******saremasu._ ****_no open
   SiSuTeMuKo-6RuniyotUte
   ******saretaHua6I6Ru*********ha,_******sita************PoI6N6Tawo***timasu._
   Hua6I6Ruha***wo***tukotogaa5rimasu._
   ***tohaHua6I6Runo***************no***de,_
   De-6Taga******mo***ki***maretakotononai5***no******desu._
   Hua6I6Runo*********yori***niPoI6N6Tawo***kasi***ki***miwo***u5kotode,_
   Hua6I6Runi***wotukurukotogadekimasu._ ***mi***mareta******,_***ha 0
   no***womotuBaI6Totosite***waremasu._

   ******no UNIX SiSuTeMudehaHua6I6Ru***ni 14
   ************toi5u5******gaa5ri,_ yoku******tonatUtei5masita._
   tatoe5ba,_Yu-6Zaha******nagara***ku*********naHua6I6Ru***wo***ketai5to***mimasusi,_
   basename.extension toi5u5*********naHua6I6Ru************wo***e5ruto,_
   extension (C noSo-6SuHua6I6Runo .c,_ ******BaI6NaRiO6BuZie6KuToHua6I6Runo
   .o toi5u5you5ni,_Hua6I6Runo******wo***su******) ni 1 kara 3
   ************desukara,_ basename ni***kerareru*********ha 10 kara 12
   sika***tUtei5masen5._ So-6SuKo-6Do******SiSuTeMuyaE6Dei6Taha******,_
   ******no******notamenisarani 2
   ******woHua6I6Ru***no******ni******simasunode,_ ******ni***e5runoha,_8
   kara 10 ******ninarimasu._ basename tosite******wo********* (tatoe5ba
   multiplexer) ***u5dakede,_ ******ni 10 kara 12
   ******ninatUtesimau5desiyOu5._

   konoyou5na******wo***runoha*********dehaa5rimasen5ga,_
   ******na******moa5rimasu._ ***no UNIX SiSuTeMudeha,_
   yori***i5Hua6I6Ru***wo***ke***kerumonono******niHua6I6Ruwo******suru******deHua6I6Ru***wo
   ***ri***merumonogaa5rukaradesu._ C noSo-6SuKo-6DoHua6I6Ru multiplexer.c
   (sudeni 13 ******desu) noSo-6SuKo-6Do******Hua6I6Ruha,_ ***ni s.
   ga******sarete s.multiplexer tonarimasu._ konoHua6I6Ruha,_C
   So-6Suno******no troff So-6SuHua6I6Ru multiplexer.ms
   noSo-6SuKo-6Do******Hua6I6Ruto******gatukimasen5._
   So-6SuKo-6Do******SiSuTeMuhakono******ni***site******wo***sanai5tame,_
   korerano 2 tunoHua6I6Ru******no***ri***e5ha******ni******simasu._
   *********kuKo-6Dei6N6Gusurebakonoyou5na******ha***keraremasuga,_ 4.2BSD
   deRoN6GuHua6I6RuNe-6Muga******saretakotode
   kono******ha*********ninakunarimasita._

2.8. Hua6I6Ru************

   Ro-6KaRuHua6I6RuSiSuTeMuni***suru******niha*********a5rimasu._
   mazu,_Ro-6KaRuHua6I6RuSiSuTeMusubeteni******site
   *********saretaHua6I6RunoNe-6MiN6Gu,_RoTUKu,_***ri***te,_
   ************,_******toi5tUta,_De-6Tano************toha******sita******desu._
   4.4BSD hakorerano******wo******suru******no******wo***e5tei5masu._

   mou5***tuha***************nio5keruDe-6Ta******to******desu._
   Hua6I6Ru******wo***************ni******surunohaHua6I6Ru************no******dea5ri,_
   4.4BSD ha 3 ******no***naruHua6I6Ru*********ni******sitei5masu._

     * *********na Berkeley Fast Filesystem

     * Sprite toi5u5 OS no******ni******suru RoGu*********Hua6I6RuSiSuTeMu
       [Rosenblum & Ousterhout, 1992]

     * MeMoRiBe-6SunoHua6I6RuSiSuTeMu

   koreranoHua6I6Ru************no******hamatUtaku***narumonodesuga,_
   sorewo******suruPuRoSeSukaraha***i5wo******surukotohaa5rimasen5._

   Fast Filesystem ha,_De-6TawoSiRiN6DaGuRu-6Putoi5u5******de******simasu._
   Hua6I6RuSiSuTeMu******no******kara***e5te******niA6KuSeSusareyasui5to***e5rareruHua6I6Ruha,_
   ***ziSiRiN6DaGuRu-6Puni******sare,_******niA6KuSeSusareru*********no***i5Hua6I6Ruha
   ***naruSiRiN6DaGuRu-6Puni******saremasu._
   kono************deha******noyou5ni,_******noHua6I6Ruga******ni***ki***maretatositemo,_
   ******sareru******haDei6SuKunomatUtaku***u5******ninaru*********gaa5runodesu._

   RoGu*********Hua6I6RuSiSuTeMuha,_De-6TawoRoGutoi5u5***de******simasu._
   a5ru******de******saretaDe-6Tahasubete***tuni***merare,_
   ***ziDei6SuKuno******ni***ki***maremasu._
   De-6Taga******kisarerukotoha******nia5rimasen5._
   Hua6I6Runo******ha,_Hua6I6Ruwo******kisuru***warini
   ***sii5Hua6I6Ruwo***ki***n5desonoHua6I6Ruwo***ki***e5rukotoniyotUte***nawaremasu._
   Hua6I6RuSiSuTeMuni***ki******ganakunari***tani***ki******ga******ninatUta******ha
   GoMi***me (garbage-collection) PuRoSeSuga******sare,_
   ***i5Hua6I6Ruga*********saremasu._

   MeMoRiBe-6SunoHua6I6RuSiSuTeMuha,_
   De-6Tawo******MeMoRini******suruyou5ni******saretamonodesu._ koreha /tmp
   noyou5ni******A6KuSeSuga******de,_
   *********denai5Hua6I6RuSiSuTeMuni***waremasu._
   MeMoRiBe-6SuHua6I6RuSiSuTeMuno******ha,_
   ******MeMoRi******no*********wo******na***ri*********ni***tukotonia5rimasu._

2.9. NeTUToWa-6KuHua6I6RuSiSuTeMu

   ******,_NeTUToWa-6Ku******haDe-6Tawoa5ruMaSiN6kara
   ***noMaSiN6he******surutameni***i5raretei5masitaga,_
   notinisoreha,_Yu-6Zaga***retaMaSiN6heRoGuI6N6******na***ni******simasita._
   ***ni******saretanohaYu-6ZagaDe-6Tawo***ri***kunodehanaku,_
   Yu-6Zano***niDe-6TagayatUtekuruyou5nisurukotodesita._
   sonotameni***maretanogaNeTUToWa-6KuHua6I6RuSiSuTeMudesu._
   Ro-6KaRude******sitei5ruYu-6ZahaKi-6*********niNeTUToWa-6Kuno***rewo***zizu,_
   yori*********no***i5******wo***ni***retanodesu._

   Hua6I6RuSiSuTeMuwoRo-6KaRuMaSiN6ni***tUtekurukotoha
   ******noSa-6Ba-KuRaI6A6N6To***A6PuRiKe-6SiYON6no***de******namononohitotudesita._
   Sa-6Ba ha 1 tumosikuhasore******noHua6I6RuSiSuTeMuwo
   E6KuSuPo-6TosuruRiMo-6TonoMaSiN6desu._ KuRaI6A6N6To
   hasonoHua6I6RuSiSuTeMuwoI6N6Po-6TosuruRo-6KaRunoMaSiN6desu._
   Ro-6KaRunoKuRaI6A6N6Tokara***ruto,_
   RiMo-6TodeMaU6N6TosaretaHua6I6RuSiSuTeMuha
   Ro-6KaRuniMaU6N6Tosareta***noHua6I6RuSiSuTeMunoyou5ni
   Hua6I6RuTuRi-6no************ni***remasu._ Ro-6KaRunoKuRaI6A6N6Toha
   RiMo-6TonoHua6I6RuSiSuTeMu***niDei6ReKuToRiwo***e5tari,_
   Ro-6KaRunoHua6I6RuSiSuTeMu***desurunotomatUtaku***ziyou5ni
   RiMo-6TonoHua6I6RuSiSuTeMude***mi***kiwositari,_
   BaI6NaRiwo******sitaridekimasu._

   Ro-6KaRunoKuRaI6A6N6Toga RiMo-6TonoHua6I6RuSiSuTeMu***de******suruto,_
   sono************gahitomatomenisareteSa-6Bani***raremasu._
   Sa-6Baha******sareta******wo***i5,_
   KuRaI6A6N6Tokara******sareta******,_mosikuha,_
   nazesono******ga******saretakawo***suE6Ra-6wo***simasu._
   ******na******wo***runiha,_
   KuRaI6A6N6Toha******niA6KuSeSusaretaDe-6TawoKiYATUSiYUsinakerebanarimasen5._
   RiMo-6ToHua6I6RuSiSuTeMuno******saha,_
   Sa-6Bato***kunoKuRaI6A6N6Tono***noKiYATUSiYUno*********wo******surukotonia5rimasu._

   ******niwatatUte******kunoRiMo-6ToHua6I6RuSiSuTeMuPuRoToKoRuga******saretekimasitaga,_
   UNIX SiSuTeMunio5i5te***mo******sitei5rumonoha,_
   sonoPuRoToKoRuto******no*********ga Sun Microsystems niyotUte***nawareta
   NeTUToWa-6KuHua6I6RuSiSuTeMu (NFS) desu._
   ******haPuRoToKoRu******kara******site***waremasitaga,_ 4.4BSD Ka-6NeRuha
   NFS PuRoToKoRuwoSaPo-6Tositei5masu [Macklem, 1994]._ NFS
   PuRoToKoRunitui5teha 9 ***de******sitei5masu._

2.10. ******

   ******ha,_*********naSiSuTeMu I/O ******hamotiron5nokoto,_
   ************no******ya******noDei6ReI6no******wosurutameno************no******wohitotoo5ri
   SaPo-6Tositei5masu._
   *********i5ReBeRunia5runoha,_Ha-6DoU6e6A6******Po-6Towo******suru******DeBaI6SuDoRaI6Badesu._
   ************ha,_tatoe5baBo-6Re-6Tonoyou5na*********na************ya,_
   PaRiTei6******noyou5naSoHuToU6e6A6de************naPaRaMe-6Ta***ni
   ***tUte***waremasu._

   ******DeBaI6SuDoRaI6Bano***no***niha,_
   ************wodono*********nau5kawo******sitei5ru RaI6N6Dei6SiPuRiN6 (line
   discipline; ******************) to***barerumonogaa5rimasu._
   *********naRoGuI6N6wosurutameniPo-6Toga
   ***i5rarerutokinihaDeHuo6RuTonoRaI6N6Dei6SiPuRiN6ga******sare,_
   sonoRaI6N6Dei6SiPuRiN6haKaNoNiKaRuMo-6Dode******simasu._
   koreha,_******ga*********na*********************wo******suruyou5ni******sare,_
   ************wo*********no******de******suruMo-6Dodesu._

   SuKuRi-6N6E6Dei6Taya,_***noKoN6PiYU-6Tato******wosuruPuRoGuRaMu (******:
   telnet nado) ha,_*********KaNoNiKaRuMo-6Do (raw
   Mo-6DoyaKiYARaKuTagotonoMo-6Do (character-at-a-time mode)
   nadotomo***baremasu) de******simasu._
   koreranoMo-6Dodeha,_******hasonomamasuguni***mi***mi***no
   PuRoSeSuheto***saremasu._
   subeteno******************no******ha*********saretei5te,_
   ******yasono***no***************ha***nawarezu,_
   subeteno******hasono******kara***mi***mou5tositei5ruPuRoSeSuheto***saremasu._

   ******ha,_kono***tuno*********noMo-6Dono******no***kuno***mi***wasede
   ******surukotoga******desu._
   tatoe5ba,_a5ruSuKuRi-6N6E6Dei6TagaYu-6Zakarano***ri***miwo************ni
   ***ke***retai5******ni,_SiGuNaRuwo******suru******ya******no************wo******sitamama,_
   sore******wo***KaNoNiKaRuMo-6Dode***kasite,_korerano************no******wo
   matUtaku******sinai5mama***su,_toi5u5kotoga******desu._

   ******deha,_************ha***noyou5na******na******Sa-6BiSuwo******sitei5masu._

     * RaI6N6Hui6-6DowoKiYARiTUZiRiTa-6N6toRaI6N6Hui6-6Dono***biheto******

     * ******no*********na************no***niDei6ReI6wo******

     * TaBu******no******

     * E6Ko-6sareta*********A6SuKi-6******wo ``^C''
       (sunawati,_A6SuKi-6noKiYAReTUTo******
       no***ni,_sonoKiYARaKuTano***woA6SuKi-6no ``@''
       ******karanoO6HuSeTUTotosita A6SuKi-6******)
       toi5u5*********no***bitosite******

   korerano************ha,_KoN6ToRo-6RuRiKuE6SuTowo***tUtesorezore******ni
   *********surukotoga******desu._

2.11. PuRoSeSu********* (IPC)

   4.4BSD noPuRoSeSu********* (IPC) ha,_KoMiYUNiKe-6SiYON6
   DoMeI6N6***de***kuyou5ninatUtei5masu._******SaPo-6Tosarete
   i5ruDoMeI6N6niha,_***ziMaSiN6***de******sitei5ru******noPuRoSeSu***
   deno*********noRo-6KaRuDoMeI6N6,_ TCP/IP PuRoToKoRuSuI6-6To***no (o5soraku
   the Internet ***) I6N6Ta-6NeTUToDoMeI6N6,_ ISO/OSI
   PuRoToKoRuHua6MiRideno******wo***nau5kotoga******naSaI6To************no
   ISO/OSI PuRoToKoRuHua6MiRi,_ XEROX Network Systems (XNS)
   wo******sitaPuRoSeSu************no XNS DoMeI6N6ga***maretei5masu._

   DoMeI6N6***deha,_SoKeTUTotosite***rare
   tei5ru***************de******ga***nawaremasu._ 2.6
   ***de******sitei5ruyou5ni,_ socket
   SiSuTeMuKo-6RuhaSoKeTUTowo******si,_sono*********wo***simasu._ ***no IPC
   SiSuTeMuKo-6Runitui5teha 11 ***de******simasu._
   ***SoKeTUToha,_******SeMaN6Tei6KuSuwo******sita***wo***timasu._
   konoSeMaN6Tei6KuSuniha*********,_******,_MeTUSe-6Zino************ga
   ***maretei5masu._

   ***SoKeTUToha,_******PuRoToKoRu to******sitei5masu._
   kokodenoPuRoToKoRuha,_************noSoKeTUTono***ni***tUte
   sonoSoKeTUTode******saretei5ruSeMaN6Tei6KuSuwo******simasu._
   A6PuRiKe-6SiYON6ha,_SoKeTUTowo******suru***ni******noPuRoToKoRuwo
   ******surukotogadekimasusi,_mata,_sonoSiSuTeMuha,_************sareru
   SoKeTUTono***nihusawasii5PuRoToKoRuwo******suruyou5nisurukotomo
   ******desu._

   SoKeTUToha,_sonoSoKeTUToto******dukesareta (BaI6N6Dosareta)
   A6DoReSuwo***tukotogadekimasu._
   SoKeTUToA6DoReSuno******to******ha,_sonoSoKeTUToga******sareta
   KoMiYUNiKe-6SiYON6DoMeI6N6ni******simasu._
   Ro-6KaRuDoMeI6N6nio5i5teSoKeTUToni******woBaI6N6Dosuruto,_
   sonoHua6I6RuSiSuTeMunio5i5teHua6I6Ruga******saremasu._

   SoKeTUTowo***zite*********sareru******noDe-6Taha***dukesaretei5masen5._
   De-6Ta******nitui5teha,_PuRoSeSu***************no*********ni******suruRaI6BuRaRini******gaa5rimasu._
   ******De-6Tano******ni***e5te,_KoMiYUNiKe-6SiYON6DoMeI6N6ha access rights
   toi5u5******na***noDe-6Tano *********woSaPo-6Tosurukotogadekimasu._
   tatoe5baRo-6KaRuDoMeI6N6haPuRoSeSu***de*********wo***sutameni,_
   kono******wo******simasu._

   4.2BSD yori***no UNIX nio5keruNeTUToWa-6Ku******no******ha,_
   ******KiYARaKuTaDeBaI6SuI6N6TaHue6-6SuwoO6-6BaRo-6Dosaserukotode
   ******sitei5masita._
   SoKeTUToI6N6TaHue6-6Suno******no***tuha,_******naPuRoGuRaMuga
   SuToRi-6Mu***no******wo******sezuni******suruyou5nisurukotodesu._
   sonoyou5naPuRoGuRaMuha,_read to write noSiSuTeMuKo-6Ruga******sarenakereba
   ******simasu._ ******,_***noI6N6TaHue6-6Sugasonomama***sarereba,_
   SuToRi-6Mu***noSoKeTUTo***de******si***keruyou5ninarimasu._ send
   no******bi***side******sinakerebanaranai5
   *********A6DoReSuwo***tuDe-6TaGuRaMuwo******suruyou5na,_
   yori******naSoKeTUTo***ni***sii5I6N6TaHue6-6Suga******saremasita._

   mou5***tuno******ha,_kono***sii5I6N6TaHue6-6Suha*********ga
   ******ni***i5toi5u5kotodesu._
   Ba-6KuRe-6kara******dekitaTeSuToRiRi-6Sunosugu***de,_
   SoKeTUToI6N6TaHue6-6Suha UNIX BeN6DaniyotUte System III ni******saremasita
   (sikasi,_AT&T ha System V Release 4
   noRiRi-6SumadeSoKeTUToI6N6TaHue6-6SuwoSaPo-6Tosezu,_ sono***warini Eighth
   Edition noSuToRi-6Mu******wo******suru kotowo***memasita)._
   SoKeTUToI6N6TaHue6-6Suhamata,_Excelan ***ya Interlan ***noyou5na
   BeN6DaniyotUte***kunoI6-6SaNeTUToKa-6Dode******suruyou5ni******sare,_
   MaSiN6ga***sasugiteMeI6N6PuRoSeTUSa***deNeTUToWa-6Ku******wo******
   saserukotogadekinai5 PC ******ni***ri***saremasita._
   goku******deha,_Microsoft ***no Windows ***no Winsock
   NeTUToWa-6KuI6N6TaHue6-6Suno******tosite
   SoKeTUToI6N6TaHue6-6Suga***waretei5masu._

2.12. NeTUToWa-6Ku******

   SoKeTUTo IPC ******ga******sitei5ru NeTUToWa-6KuDoMeI6N6noi5kutukaha,_
   NeTUToWa-6KuPuRoToKoRuhenoA6KuSeSuwo******sitei5masu._
   koreranoPuRoToKoRuha*********,_
   Ka-6NeRunoSoKeTUToSoHuToU6e6A6yorimo***no***nia5ru
   ***noSoHuToU6e6A6tosite******saretei5masu._
   Ka-6NeRuha,_BaTUHua6******,_MeTUSe-6Zi******,_
   ***PuRoToKoRuheno******I6N6TaHue6-6Suwo******si,_
   mata,_samazamanaNeTUToWa-6KuPuRoToKoRuwo******surutameno
   NeTUToWa-6KuI6N6TaHue6-6SuDoRaI6BahenoI6N6TaHue6-6Sunado,_
   ***kuno******Sa-6BiSuwo******simasu._

   4.2BSD ga******sareta******dehasamazamanaNeTUToWa-6KuPuRoToKoRuga
   ******sare,_mata*********no******nia5rimasita._
   sorerahasorezore******no***mito***miwo***tUteo5ri,_
   ***rakani***retaPuRoToKoRuyaPuRoToKoRuSuI6-6Totoi5u5monoha******simasen5desita._
   4.2BSD ha******noPuRoToKoRuni******surukotode,_
   Ba-6KuRe-6***no******de************datUtasamazamanaMaSiN6***deno
   ******no******ya,_************no******wo******nisitei5masita._
   matakono******PuRoToKoRuheno******ha,_
   *********na******ni***e5te******saretei5masita._ ************saretei5ru
   10-100Mbps noI6-6SaNeTUTo***noPuRoToKoRuha,_ ******no 1-10Gbps
   ***Hua6I6BaNeTUToWa-6Kuni***site,_ o5soraku******namonodehanai5desiyOu5._
   sonotame,_NeTUToWa-6Ku******ReI6Yaha******noPuRoToKoRuni******dekiruyou5ni
   ******saretei5masu._ ***sii5PuRoToKoRugaKa-6NeRuni******saretemo,_
   ******noPuRoToKoRugasono******wo***kerukotohamatUtakua5rimasen5._
   ***sii5A6PuRiKe-6SiYON6ha***sii5NeTUToWa-6KuPuRoToKoRude******si,_
   ******de******noA6PuRiKe-6SiYON6momata,_
   soreto***zi******NeTUToWa-6Ku***de***madedoo5rinoPuRoToKoRuwo
   ******si***kerukotoga******desu._

2.13. NeTUToWa-6Ku******

   4.2BSD de******sareta******noPuRoToKoRuSuI6-6Toha DARPA no Transmission
   Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) desita._ CSRG ha,_SoKeTUTo IPC
   HuRe-6MuWa-6Kuni***mi***mu******noNeTUToWa-6Kutosite TCP/IP
   wo******simasita._sono******ha,_4.1BSD Be-6Suno******ga DARPA
   gaSuPoN6Sa-6tonatUtei5ta Bolt,_Beranek,_Newman (BBN)
   nio5keruPuRoZie6KuTokaraPaBuRiTUKuni************datUtakaradesu._
   soreha***kina******desita._
   konoPuRoToKoRuSuI6-6Toga******ni***ku******saretanoha,_ ***ni 4.2BSD
   denokono******ga******tonatUtei5masu._ TCP/IP
   no******ni***surusono***no******to******no******mo***ku******saremasita._
   TCP/IP no******nitui5teha,_13 ***de******ni******sitei5masu._

   4.3BSD noRiRi-6Sudeha,_MeRi-6RaN6Do******toKo-6NeRu******de*********ni
   ******sareta Xerox Network Systems (XNS)
   PuRoToKoRuSuI6-6Toga******saremasita._ konoPuRoToKoRuSuI6-6Toha,_TCP/IP
   wo******site******dekinai5******sitaMaSiN6to ******surunoni******desita._

   4.4BSD noRiRi-6Sudeha,_******************de******sitei5ru ISO
   PuRoToKoRuSuI6-6Toga******saremasita._ ISO
   PuRoToKoRu***notameni*********naruSeMaN6Tei6KuSuwo******sitanode,_
   koreranoSeMaN6Tei6KuSuni******saserutame
   SoKeTUToI6N6TaHue6-6Sunii5kutukano***sana******ga******tonarimasita._
   sono******ha,_
   ***no******PuRoToKoRunoKuRaI6A6N6Toniha***karanai5you5ninasaretei5masu._
   ISO PuRoToKoRu******ni 4.3BSD Ka-6NeRude******sareta 2
   ReBeRuRu-6Tei6N6GuTe-6BuRuni***suru*********na******mo******desita._
   4.4BSD de***kiku******saretaRu-6Tei6N6Gu******ha,_ *********A6DoReSuto
   NeTUToWa-6KuMaSuKuwo***tu******noReBeRunoRu-6Tei6N6Guga***maretei5masu._

2.14. SiSuTeMu******

   Bu-6ToSuToRaTUPu******haSiSuTeMuwo******surutameni******saremasu._
   mazu******ni,_4.4BSD Ka-6NeRuha CPU noMeI6N6MeMoRini***mi***maremasu._
   Ka-6NeRuga***mi***mareruto,_
   ******no******heHa-6DoU6e6A6wo******suru*********Hue6-6Zuni******simasu._
   ***ni,_Ka-6NeRuha************ (autoconfiguration) wo***nai5masu._ koreha
   CPU ni******sareta************no******to******wo***nau5******desu._
   SiSuTeMuha******,_Dei6SuKuTie6TUKu,_A6KaU6N6To******,_ quota
   Tie6TUKuwo***nau5SuTa-6ToA6TUPuSuKuRiPuTowo
   SiN6GuRuYu-6ZaMo-6Dode******simasu._
   SuTa-6ToA6TUPuSuKuRiPuToha******ni*********ni******sareruSiSuTeMuSa-6BiSu***wo******si,_
   SiSuTeMuwo******naMaRuTiYu-6ZaMo-6Doni******sasemasu._

   MaRuTiYu-6ZaMo-6Dodeha,_PuRoSeSuga
   Yu-6ZagaA6KuSeSudekiruyou5ni******sareta************ya
   NeTUToWa-6KuPo-6To***denoRoGuI6N6******wo***timasu._
   RoGuI6N6******ga******sarerutoRoGuI6N6PuRoSeSuga******sare,_
   Yu-6Zano************ga***waremasu._
   sositeYu-6Zano************ga******suruto,_ sonoYu-6Zani***site,_
   ***noPuRoSeSuwo******dekiruyou5nisurutamenoRoGuI6N6Sie6Ruga******saremasu._

************

   [Accetta et al, 1986] <'Mach: A New Kernel Foundation for UNIX
   Development">'. Accetta M. [FAMILY Given], Baron R. [FAMILY Given],
   Bolosky W. [FAMILY Given], Golub D. [FAMILY Given], Rashid R. [FAMILY
   Given], Tevanian A. [FAMILY Given], ,_ Young M. [FAMILY Given]. 93-113.
   USENIX Association Conference Proceedings. USENIX Association. June 1986.

   [Cheriton, 1988] <'The V Distributed System>'. Cheriton D. R. [FAMILY
   Given]. 314-333. Comm ACM, 31, 3. March 1988.

   [Ewens et al, 1985] <'Tunis: A Distributed Multiprocessor Operating
   System>'. Ewens P. [FAMILY Given], Blythe D. R. [FAMILY Given],
   Funkenhauser M. [FAMILY Given], ,_ Holt R. C. [FAMILY Given]. 247-254.
   USENIX Assocation Conference Proceedings. USENIX Association. June 1985.

   [Gingell et al, 1987] <'Virtual Memory Architecture in SunOS>'. Gingell R.
   [FAMILY Given], Moran J. [FAMILY Given], ,_ Shannon W. [FAMILY Given].
   81-94. USENIX Association Conference Proceedings. USENIX Association. June
   1987.

   [Kernighan & Pike, 1984] The UNIX Programming Environment. Kernighan B. W.
   [FAMILY Given] ,_ Pike R. [FAMILY Given]. Prentice-Hall. Englewood Cliffs
   NJ . 1984.

   [Macklem, 1994] The 4.4BSD NFS Implementation. Macklem R. [FAMILY Given].
   6:1-14. 4.4BSD System Manager's Manual. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc..
   Sebastopol CA . 1994.

   [McKusick & Karels, 1988] <'Design of a General Purpose Memory Allocator
   for the 4.3BSD UNIX Kernel>'. McKusick M. K. [FAMILY Given] ,_ Karels M.
   J. [FAMILY Given]. 295-304. USENIX Assocation Conference Proceedings.
   USENIX Assocation. June 1998.

   [McKusick et al, 1994] Berkeley Software Architecture Manual, 4.4BSD
   Edition. McKusick M. K. [FAMILY Given], Karels M. J. [FAMILY Given],
   Leffler S. J. [FAMILY Given], Joy W. N. [FAMILY Given], ,_ Faber R. S.
   [FAMILY Given]. 5:1-42. 4.4BSD Programmer's Supplementary Documents.
   O'Reilly & Associates, Inc.. Sebastopol CA . 1994.

   [Ritchie, 1988] Early Kernel Design. private communication. Ritchie D. M.
   [FAMILY Given]. March 1988.

   [Rosenblum & Ousterhout, 1992] <'The Design and Implementation of a
   Log-Structured File System>'. Rosenblum M. [FAMILY Given] ,_ Ousterhout K.
   [FAMILY Given]. 26-52. ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, 10, 1.
   Association for Computing Machinery. February 1992.

   [Rozier et al, 1988] <'Chorus Distributed Operating Systems>'. Rozier M.
   [FAMILY Given], Abrossimov V. [FAMILY Given], Armand F. [FAMILY Given],
   Boule I. [FAMILY Given], Gien M. [FAMILY Given], Guillemont M. [FAMILY
   Given], Herrmann F. [FAMILY Given], Kaiser C. [FAMILY Given], Langlois S.
   [FAMILY Given], Leonard P. [FAMILY Given], ,_ Neuhauser W. [FAMILY Given].
   305-370. USENIX Computing Systems, 1, 4. Fall 1988.

   [Tevanian, 1987] Architecture-Independent Virtual Memory Management for
   Parallel and Distributed Environments: The Mach Approach. Technical Report
   CMU-CS-88-106,. Tevanian A. [FAMILY Given]. Department of Computer
   Science, Carnegie-Mellon University. Pittsburgh PA . December 1987.

                          ******A ************nitui5te

   ******

   A.1. *********

   The Design and Implementation of 4.4BSD Operating System Chapter 2
   no************ha,_******no*********dea5ru Addison-Weslay,_
   ***************wo******suru Pearson Education Japan no******wo***te,_
   FreeBSD *********DoKiYUMeN6Te-6SiYON6PuRoZie6KuTo (FreeBSD doc-jp)
   niyotUte***nawaremasita._
   ************nitui5te***kao5******kino***gaa5rimasitara
   *********DoKiYUMeN6Te-6SiYON6PuRoZie6KuTo <doc-jp@jp.FreeBSD.org>
   madego******kudasai5._

   kono************no*********ha,_*********,_******no*********dea5ru
   Addison-Weslay o5yobi************no***************wo******suru Pearson
   Education Japan ni******simasu._sonotame,_
   kono******wokorerano******************no*********na******naku******,_
   *********surukotoha******saretei5masu._

   2001 *** 5 *** 5 ***niSuTa-6Tosita******************niha,_
   samazamana****_ga******ni******saremasita._ FreeBSD doc-jp deha,_FreeBSD
   ************no************wo******suru******wo*********ni***ketei5masu._
   kono******ni******sitai5to***wareru***ha,_ zehiFreeBSD
   *********DoKiYUMeN6Te-6SiYON6PuRoZie6KuTonoPe-6Ziwogo***no*** doc-jp
   hego******kudasai5._

A.1. *********

     * ****** ****** <sugimura@jp.FreeBSD.org> (2.1, 2.2 ***)

     * IKENO Naoki <nao@mc.kcom.ne.jp> (2.3 ***)

     * ****** ****** <ytabata@tkf.att.ne.jp> (2.4 ***)

     * Atsuto <atsuto@guitar.interq.or.jp> (2.5 ***)

     * haradakirou5 <kiroh@jp.FreeBSD.org> (2.6, 2.7 ***)

     * ****** ****** <tomoki@leergirls.org> (2.8 ***)

     * ****** ****** <rushani@bl.mmtr.or.jp> (2.9 ***)

     * ****** ****** <tshiozak@FreeBSD.org> (2.10 ***)

     * koga you5i5tirou5 <y-koga@jp.FreeBSD.org> (2.11, 2.13 ***)

     * *** ****** <mori@jp.FreeBSD.org> (2.12 ***)

     * ****** ****** <sakai@lac.co.jp> (2.14 ***)

     * ****** ****** <yoshiaki@kt.rim.or.jp> (******)

     * ****** ****** <hino@ccm.cl.nec.co.jp> (******)

     * ****** ****** <yamagu-m@titan.ocn.ne.jp> (************)
